Education in South Africa is governed by two national departments, the Department of Primary Education (DBE), responsible for primary and secondary schools, and the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), responsible for higher education and vocational training. Prior to 2009, these two departments were represented in one Department of Education.
The DBE department deals with public schools, private schools (also referred to by departments as independent schools), early childhood development centers (PAUD), and special needs schools. Public schools and private schools are collectively known as regular schools, and comprise about 97% of schools in South Africa.
The Department of DHET deals with education and training colleges (FET), adult education and training centers (ABET), and higher education institutions (HE).
The nine provinces in South Africa also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing national department policies, as well as addressing local issues.
In 2010, the primary education system consisted of 12 644 208 students, 30 586 schools, and 439 394 teachers. In 2009, the system of higher education and training comprised 837,779 students at HE institutions, 420 475 students in state-controlled FET institutions and 297,900 in state-controlled ABET centers.
In 2013, the South African government will spend 21% of the national budget for education. About ten percent of the education budget for higher education.
According to the 2011 national census, among South Africans, 35.2% of blacks/Africans, 32.6% of skin color, 61.6% of Indians/Asians and 76% of whites have completed high or higher school education high. 41.7% of the total population has completed high school or higher education, while 8.6% of the population aged 20 years and older have not completed school.
Video Education in South Africa
Structure and policies
The Department of Primary Education is headed by director-general Bobby Soobrayan, and his policies are made by minister Angie Motshekga and deputy minister Enver Surty. The Department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director general of Mary Metcalfe, and his policies are made by minister Blade Nzimande and vice minister Comfort Manana.
Both departments are funded from central government taxes. The Department of Primary Education pays a portion of teachers' salaries in public schools, while independent schools are privately funded. State schools may in some circumstances supplement their funds through parental contributions.
Maps Education in South Africa
Basic education system (primary and secondary schools)
DBE officially grouped the scores into two "bands" called Public Education and Training (GET), which included grade 0 plus classes 1 through 9, and Advanced Education and Training (FET), which included grades 10-12 as well as no higher facilities education vocational training.
The GET (General Education and Training band) is subdivided into a "phase" called Foundation Phase (grade 0 plus classes 1 to 3), Secondary Phases (grades 4 through 6), and Senior Phase (grades 7 to 9).
The administrative structure of most regular schools in South Africa does not reflect the band and phase divisions. For historical reasons, most schools are "primary" schools (class R plus grades 1 to 7) or "secondary" schools, also known as high school (grades 8 to 12).
Optional value
Some private home and school schools offer the option of completing an additional year after grade 12, sometimes known as class 13 or "post-matric". The South African government school system does not have a level 13, but is part of a non-South African curriculum sometimes attended by private schools in South Africa.
The DBE Foundation phase includes a pre-school class known as class R, for "acceptance". Class R is mandatory, but not all primary schools offer R. Grade R classes can also be attended at pre-school facilities. Other grades that can be completed in the pre-school center include grade 0 and class 000 (although the designation of 000 and 00 is not universally applied). Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 (pronounced "grade nought"), especially in previous white schools, where its use was once common.
Student ratio
According to the 2010 DBE statistics (published in 2012), there are an average of 30 students per teacher, 480 students per school, and 16 teachers per school. The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces, but the student-to-school ratio varies across provinces. For example, in Gauteng there are 800 students per school and 28 teachers per school, while in the Eastern Cape there are 350 students per school and 12 teachers per school.
Updated 2013 statistics (published in 2015) is available.
School fees and fees
Schools in South Africa receive government grants for their operational costs, such as maintaining land, administration fees, salaries, books and educational materials, and outdoor activities. Most schools supplement government grants with other income streams, such as school fees paid by parents, fundraising events, and receiving donations. Generally, higher school fees prevent poor children from attending prosperous schools. There is no limit to the amount of fees that a school can set. Parents can enroll to school for full or partial school cost reduction, and many prosperous schools provide financial assistance to a small number of learners (for example, if the parent is an alumni), but that is not a legal requirement.
Children in South African schools are usually required to wear school uniforms, which can be expensive and not provided free of charge, although it is often possible to buy them directly. Most schools offer additional mural activities such as sports and cultural events, which require money to manage. Many schools maintain their own sports field as well.
The size of grants paid by the government is largely determined by the level of poverty in the neighborhood where the school is located, as well as the unemployment rate and general education level of the population in the neighborhood. As a result, schools in more affluent areas have to raise more money from other sources to maintain the same educational standards, but schools from affluent areas often have so much extra income that their educational standards are much higher than those of less prosperous schools.
The amount of government grant per child depends on "quintille" school. In 2009, schools in quintille 1 (the poorest) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year, while schools in quintille 4 and quintille 5 (the richest) received R404 and R134 per child per year. Schools in quintille 1-3 may apply to the classification as a "No-Cost" school. 5% of all schools are quintille 5 schools, and 15% of all schools are quintille 4 schools.
Sample school fees
Schools are not required to publicize their school fees in public and many schools keep it a secret, but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa:
- The Settler's High, Bellville: R15200 per child per year
- Monument Park High, Kraaifontein: R9000 per child per year
Poverty and school costs
Schools should not refuse admission to children living around the school. Schools should not refuse admission to children or refuse to submit report cards even if their parents neglect to pay for school fees, but schools are allowed to sue parents for not paying school fees.
Since 1996, children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all of the school fees. Since 1998, the formula is as follows: If the combined annual income of the parent is less than ten times the annual school fee, the child is legally exempt from paying the tuition. If income is more than ten times the cost of the school but less than thirty times the cost of the school, the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees. In practice, this rule only helps very poor families, and not working-class and middle-class families.
Orphans and children of parents who receive social assistance related to poverty are also exempt from paying tuition.
Since 2006 the Department of Education offers the following incentives to the poorest 40% of schools: if schools do not charge school fees, the education department raises grants to cover the lack of income from school fees. Initially planned to increase this incentive for 60% of the poorest schools in 2009. Incentives only apply to children in GED bands, and children who want to complete classes 10-12 still have to pay the full cost.
In 2008, some 5 million students in 14 264 schools benefited from the No-Cost school program, and most of the students were in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces. Not all schools that qualify for this incentive use it.
Private school
Private schools, also known as independent schools, are schools that are not owned by the state. They are usually owned and operated by trust, church or community, or by a non-profit company. Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees. Certain private schools also receive grants from the state, depending on the community served and the fees charged.
Higher education and training system
For university admission, "Matriculation Support" is required, although some universities set up their own additional academic requirements. South Africa has a more lively sector, with more than one million students enrolled in universities, colleges, and tech universities in the country. All autonomous universities, reporting to their own councils rather than the government. The National Qualification Framework (NQF) of the higher education administrative system widely in the country is run by the South African Qualifications Authority.
Restructuring universities and technikons
The Extension of the University Act of 1959 makes provision for separate universities for separate races. In addition, independent homeland is given its own university. After the reintegration of independent homeland, there are 36 universities and technicians in South Africa, often close and offering the same course.
In 1994, the government started university and engineering restructuring with a series of mergers and incorporation. It was completed in January 2005. It created 22 new institutions from 36 previously. Ten of the universities got new names.
History
1806 to 1900
The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in Cape Colony at the end of the seventeenth century by the elders of the Dutch Reformed Church committed to the teaching of the Bible, which was necessary for church confirmation. In rural areas, mobile teachers (donors) teach basic reading and math skills. The British mission school mushroomed after 1799, when the first members of the London Missionary Community arrived at the Cape Colony.
Languages ​​soon become a sensitive issue in education. There were at least two dozen English schools operating in rural Cape Colony in 1827, but their presence was amongst the devout Afrikaners, who considered English and the curriculum irrelevant to rural life and African values. Throughout the nineteenth century, Afrikaners rejected government policies aimed at the spread of English and British values, and many who educated their children at home or in churches.
After British colonial officials began to encourage families to emigrate from England to the Cape Colony in 1820, the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for a background qualification. They chose educated families, for the most part, to establish an English presence at the Cape Colony. Upon their arrival, these parents place a high priority on education. During this time, most religious schools in the Eastern Cape received Xhosa children who signed up to enter; at Christmas, many other Nguni-speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century. The government also financed a teacher training class for Africans as part of its pacific campaign throughout the nineteenth century.
In 1877 about 60 percent of school-age children at Christmas were enrolled in school, such as 49 percent in the Cape Colony. After the Boer War (ending 1902) in the former Afrikaner countries, however, registration remained low - only 12 percent in Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal - primarily the result of the Afrikaner's resistance to British education. Registration in these republics increased after the Government of the Union agreed to use Afrikaans in schools and to allow older Africans to better control primary and secondary education.
At the end of the nineteenth century, three types of schools received government assistance - ward schools, or small rural schools that generally employed one teacher; district schools, providing basic level education to several cities in an area; and some high schools in big cities. But during the last decades of the century, the four provinces virtually abolished African enrollment in state schools. African children attend missions schools, for the most part, and are taught by pastors or by lay teachers, sometimes with government assistance.
Higher education is generally reserved for those who can travel to Europe, but in 1829 the government established Multiracial South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town. Religious seminaries received several African applicants as early as 1841. In 1852, the independent state of Transvaal and in 1854 the Free Orange State established their own institution of higher education in the Netherlands. The government founded Gray College - then University of Orange Free State - in Bloemfontein in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church. The Gray Institute was founded in Port Elizabeth in 1856; Graaff-Reinet College was founded in 1860. Christian College was founded in Potchefstroom in 1869 and later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.
1900 to 1948
Following the British victory in the South African War, the British High Commissioner for South Africa, Sir Alfred Milner, brought thousands of teachers from England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand to instill English values ​​and British culture, especially in the two former Afrikaner republics. To counter British influence, a group of Afrikaner churches propose educational programs, Christian National Education, to serve as the core of the school curriculum. The government initially refused to finance the schools that adopted the program, but Jan C. Smuts, the then Transvaal leader of the prime minister, was deeply committed to reconciliation between Afrikaner and English speakers; He prefers local control over many aspects of education. Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century, and the four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites.
The National Party (NP) is able to capitalize on the fear of racial integration in schools to build its support. A narrow NP election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans a new position in schools and, after that, all high school graduates were required to be proficient in African and English languages. The NP Government also reintroduces Christian National Education as an educational guide philosophy.
1948 to 1974
Before 1953, many blacks attended schools founded by religious organizations. These schools provide the same quality schools that white children receive in state schools. Following the Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953, the government tightened its control of religious high schools by removing almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them all.
The South African government implements an educational system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is the social responsibility of a person and the political opportunity is determined by the person's ethnic identity.
Although CNE promotes the principles of racial inferiority, it promotes the teaching of cultural diversity and mother tongue instruction imposed in the first years of primary school. The government provides strong management control to the school board, chosen by parents in each district.
In 1959, the Extension of the University Education Act prohibited established universities to accept the majority of black students, although the government did create universities for black, colored, and Indian students.
The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for manual labor. The per capita government expenditure on black education declined to one-tenth of expenditure on whites in the 1970s. Black schools have lower facilities, teachers, and textbooks.
1974 to 1983
In 1974, the Minister of Education and Development Aided the decree commonly known as the "Afrikaans media plot" where the use of English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in junior high school. In this decision, physics and practical subjects will be taught in English, mathematics and social science subjects will be taught in African language, and the subject of music and culture will be taught in the native language of the learner. The Minister said that the reason for this decision was to ensure that blacks can communicate effectively with white people speaking English and African.
This decision is not popular among students and teachers, especially in cities like Johannesburg, Soweto, where almost no one speaks Afrikaans. The tension over language in education erupted into violence on June 16, 1976, as students took to the streets of Soweto and eventually in other cities and towns of the country. Schools suffered further damage because the destroyers destroy or destroy school properties. Students who tried to attend school and their teachers were attacked, and the school staff found it increasingly difficult to maintain normal school activities.
1984 to 1990
The National Policy for the 1984 General Affairs Act (No. 76) provides some improvement in black education but retains the overall segregation demanded by the Bantu education system.
The Ministry of Education and Training is responsible for black education outside the country. Each of the three houses of parliament - for whites, colored skins, and Indians - has an education department for one racial group. Each of the ten villages has its own education department. In addition, several other government departments manage specific aspects of education.
Education is mandatory for all racial groups, but at different ages, and the law is enforced differently. White people are asked to go to school between the ages of seven and sixteen. Black children are asked to go to school from the age of seven to the equivalent of seventh grade or sixteen years of age. This law is enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools are not available. For Asians and colored children, education is mandatory between the ages of seven and fifteen.
The pupil-teacher ratio in primary school averaged 1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in color schools, and 1:39 in black schools. In addition, while 96 percent of all teachers in white schools have teaching certificates, only 15 percent of teachers in certified black schools. The rate of high school graduation for black students in the general high school graduation exam, the standard is less than half the graduation rate for whites.
1990 to 1993
The white education system was restructured, to anticipate democracy, by the apartheid government. From early 1991, white schools were asked to choose one of four "Models": A, B, C, or D. "Model C" is a semi-private structure, with reduced funding from the state, and greatly increased autonomy. for school. Although most white schools chose the status quo , in 1993, due to government policy, 96% of white schools became "Model C" schools.
Although the "Model C" form was removed by the post-apartheid government, it is still commonly used to describe former white government schools, by 2013.
1994 to 1997
Under Apartheid South Africa, there are eight departments of education that follow different curricula and offer different learning quality standards. This includes national departments for colored people, for Indians and for blacks, a department for independent schools, and provincial departments for whites in each of the previous four provinces. Some Bantustans who were put back in South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments.
In the case of the Provisional Constitution, the Mandela government restructures these departments and higher education departments, dividing responsibilities between nine provincial education departments and a national education department. It also regulates reforming the education system by first removing all racial and obsolete content and then introducing ongoing assessments to schools.
The South Africa Schools Act, 1996 was enacted to "provide a unified system for school governance, governance and funding".
1997 to 2005
In 1997, the government launched a new education system called the 2005 Curriculum, which will be based on "results-based education" (OBE). By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed, and it was quietly suspended.
2006 to now - English usage
South Africa has 11 official languages. and the first year of school is provided in all the languages ​​of this house.
Prior to 2009, schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 (except in African language schools). Since 2009, all schools have taught English as subjects of grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English from grade 4. Afrikaans language school is an exception, because all subjects (other languages) are taught in Afrikaans.
Performance
An independent study by Stellenbosch University researchers found that undue influence of unions and "critical education factors", including weak institutional functions, uneducated teachers, and inadequate study time, are responsible for poor South African countries. South Africa has high dropout rates due to poor academic performance, teenage pregnancy and crime.
Violence
The South African Human Rights Commission has found that 40% of children interviewed say they have been victims of crime at school. More than one-fifth of sexual violence in South African children is found to occur in schools. The Department of Education and the Center for Justice and Prevention of Crime initiated a program called Hlayiseka, whose goal is to stop the school violence epidemic in South African schools.
References
External links
- (Ministry) Department of Primary Education
- (Ministry) Department of Higher Education and Training
- (Ministry) Department of Science and Technology
- Education in South Africa at SouthAfrica.info
- Education in South Africa from South and East Africa Consortium to Monitor the Quality of Education
- Education in South Africa, webdossier by Education Worldwide, portal of the German Education Server
- Presidency, South Africa (Date Unknown): Improving Government Performance: Our Approach
- Tertiary Education Options in South Africa
Further reading
- Twenty-Five Next Years: Affirmative Measures in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa . David L. Featherman, et al. University of Michigan Press. 2009. 416 pages. ISBN: 978-0-472-11705-5
- Estudiantes negros en SudÃÆ'¡frica alzan la voz y piden una verdadera transformación . Norimitsu Onishi, The New York Times, September 11, 2015.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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