The basic requirements for pharmacists to be considered for registration are the undergraduate or graduate pharmacy from a recognized university. In many countries, this involves four or five year courses to achieve a master's degree in pharmacy (MPharm). In the United States, students who graduate after 1 January 2003, must complete a pharmacy doctor's degree to become a licensed pharmacist. This same requirement has been enforced in other countries such as Canada and France.
Physicians from a pharmacy degree need a four-year completion at an accredited pharmacy college (most of the students who apply for admission to a pharmacy college already have a bachelor's degree). However, many schools accept students after completing two or three years of undergraduate or direct pharmacy prerequisites from high school into a six-year accelerated program). Anyone who holds a bachelor's degree in pharmacy who passed before this date is a grandpa and can apply for a license.
To practice as a pharmacist, enrollment with a state, state or provincial oversight body is required. Often there is a requirement for pharmaceutical graduates to complete a number of hours of experience at a pharmacy under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. If the regulatory body regulates all countries, they will usually perform written and oral examinations to prospective pharmacists prior to registration. If the jurisdiction is limited to a particular area (eg, state or province), the necessary checks are administered by the national examining board.
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Australia
In Australia, a pharmacist must complete a four-year Bachelor's Pharmacy Bachelor's degree program followed by an internship and an independent examination set by the state registration board respectively. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved postgraduate training course. There is an option for the two-year postgraduate Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) program for those with a science degree background.
From 1 July 2010, the pharmacist is registered nationally with the Australian Health Practitioners Registration Authority [AHPRA], having previously been enrolled by each country (eg, New South Wales Pharmacy Council, Victoria Pharmacy Council etc.). Graduates are required to complete one year of practice under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. In addition, graduates are required to complete an approved postgraduate training course. In fulfilling these requirements, graduates are entitled to take the registration exam which may involve written and oral components.
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Canada
In Canada, pharmacists must complete a four-year undergraduate bachelor's degree in pharmacy after completing a minimum of one or two years of previous university studies studies. The University of Waterloo requires two years of prerequisite studies in basic science.
Levels in pharmacy consist of courses and clinical experience through required internships and work placements, followed by the completion of national council checks administered by the Canadian Pharmaceutical Examining Agency.
The pharmacy school in Quebec (at the University of Montreal and Laval University) now only offers PharmD titles involving two years of basic science and four years of pharmacy education, similar to many programs in the United States.
Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Alberta will start a post-B.S year. PharmD degree program in 2013. This will prepare students for the PharmD program.
Many hospital pharmacists also complete the hospital pharmacy residency program. This is a directed post-graduate learning experience of 12 to 24 months. Through a structured rotation in pharmaceutical, educational, research, and administrative practice, the residency program intends to prepare pharmacists for a challenging and innovative pharmaceutical practice. Graduate residents are an important source of qualified pharmacists trained in institutional practice. Most residency programs are accredited by the Canadian Hospital Pharmacy Residency Board on behalf of the Canadian Community Pharmacist Hospital.
Finally, there is a choice of students who take a two-year doctoral Pharmacy doctoral program (PharmD) for those who have a Bachelor's degree in Pharmacy or an equivalent degree. This advanced PharmD program can be pursued in Canada at the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto and in some pharmacy schools in the United States (as "non-traditional" PharmD). The advanced PharmD program in the United States is phased out with the introduction of the entry-level PharmD program, which, although identical in their name, differs from the advanced PharmD program in terms of depth and scope of teaching.
The pharmacy profession is regulated at the provincial level. Provincial oversight bodies are directly responsible for licensing pharmacists, assessing the competence of pharmacists and ensuring public safety. The National Association of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authorities was established in 1995 as a way to align the activities of provincial supervisory authorities. They represent the interests of provincial authorities and serve as national resource centers for all pharmacists. CPhA is actively involved in several NAPRA committees.
Chile
In Chile, students must study six years to become a pharmacist. The best pharmacy school is at Universidad de Chile [1], in Santiago de Chile. The Chilean Pharmacist is prepared not only for discharge and can work in clinical and communicative pharmacies, but in the Pharmaceutical, Food and Cosmetic Industry at every level, including drug development (Degree required here), manufacturing, management, marketing, etc. , due to the very strong scientific preparations they receive, including topics of engineering and pharmaceutical technology. The official title for pharmacists in Chile is Quizico FarmacÃÆ' Â © utico (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), and their degree is Licenciado en Ciencias QuÃÆ'micas y farmacÃÆ' Â © uticas (Bachelor of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences).
Denmark
Denmark's pharmacist (Denmark: farmaceutica) education takes place at the Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the University of Copenhagen.
The Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) (Danish: undergraduate degree) takes three years. The Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) degree (Denmark: cand.pharm. ) takes two years. To work as a pharmacist in Denmark, an MPharm degree is required (total of five years).
After graduating as a pharmacist with an MPharm degree, students can start a three-year Pharmacy Doctor (DPharm) education program (Denmark: dr.pharm. ).
In addition to pharmacists, in Denmark there are other professional groups with higher education of pharmacy: pharmaconomists (pharmacists), whose education takes place at Pharmakon - Danish Pharmaceutical Academy.
French
In France, a six-year PharmD (called "DiplÃÆ''me d'Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie") must be completed. By the end of the fifth year, young pharmacists may choose to pass a competitive exam. If they succeed, some selected students can then follow a four-year specialization (such as a doctor). This is a pharmacy residency program called "Internat en Pharmacie". During this residency, pharmacists specialize in Medical Laboratories called "biologie mÃÆ'Ã… © dicale", or at a hospital pharmacy, or in research (Innovation Pharmaceutique et Recherche).
Greek
In Greece, a five-year University course must be completed. The course is offered by the University of Athens [2], University of Thessaloniki [3] and University of Patras [4]. The course consists of 4 years of laboratory theory and practice and mandatory 5th year, full-time in-service training at community pharmacies and hospital pharmacy departments. Additional trimester placement in the pharmaceutical industry is also an option, but not calculated to obtain a license to practice. Upon successful completion of the course, a degree in Pharmacy is awarded. Since September 2011, undergraduate students who have completed a thesis at the University of Athens during their 5th year of study can earn a Certificate, equivalent to a master's degree, along with a Bachelor of Pharmacy.
Pharmacy graduates can pursue careers in industry after graduation. Careers in this field do not require a license for pharmaceutical practice. However, pharmacists wishing to open pharmacies, working in hospitals or at the National Organization of Medicines [5] must first successfully participate in board inspections organized by the Greek Ministry of Health, to obtain a License for Pharmacy Practice.
India
In India, various colleges and universities offer D.Pharm, B.Pharm, M.Pharm, and Pharm.D programs. All the Indian Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and the Indian Pharmaceutical Council (PCI) are the government bodies responsible for pharmaceutical education accreditation in India.
D.pharm (Diploma in Pharmacy) is a 2 year diploma program after the Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (HSC) or 10 2 exam in the science stream. This is the minimum requirement for registration as a pharmacist in India.
B.Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) is a 4-year undergraduate program. M.Pharm (Master of Pharmacy) is a post-graduate program 2 years after the B.Pharm degree from a PCI-approved institution.
Pharmacy Doctor Course (Pharm.D) was introduced in India in 2008 by PCI. Duration of Pharm.D is 6 years (5 years study 1 year internship/residency). This is a postgraduate qualification (PG) and hence Pharm.D graduates can apply directly to Ph.D. All candidates awarded Pharm.D have the right to use the prefix "Dr." before their name. Pharm.D. (Post Baccalaureate) (Pharmacy Doctor) is a 3-year program (2 years of 1st year study internship). The admission requirement is B.Pharm from a PCI-approved institution.
Iran
In Iran, Pharmacy Doctor is a 5.5 year program that requires 11 semesters of courses in class and practice of experience.
ireland
Traditionally in Ireland, a four-year BPharm degree is completed by one year of pre-registration clinical training. One year of pre-enrollment training has recently been replaced with an internship program, in which students work and complete assignments, leading to the award of M.Pharm from the Royal College of Surgeons.
The integrated five-year master's degree program will begin in September 2015. There are currently three universities in Ireland offering the B.Pharm degree: Trinity College Dublin, University College Cork, and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
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New Zealand
In New Zealand, like other western countries, four-year BPharm must be completed, followed by apprenticeships at pharmacies (Community, Hospital, Industry &/or University). Pharmacists are registered with the Pharmacy Council and must meet the competency standards established by the New Zealand Pharmaceutical Society. This degree can be taken at the University Of Otago in Dunedin and the University Of Auckland in Auckland. The School of Pharmacy is divided into three main sections of research focus. This is:
Division of Pharmacy Practice: Focuses on the mutual relationships between pharmacists and the communities they serve. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Focused on the molecular mechanism and biological basis of drug development. Division of Pharmacotherapy: Focused on the applications and effects of drugs in a clinical setting.
Postgraduate studies include diploma, Master, PhD and DPharm. which may be clinical, practice or specialty pharmacy.
Portugal
In Portugal, a degree in Pharmacy is an MPharm program called the master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Portuguese: Mestrado Integrado em CiÃÆ'ªncias FarmacÃÆ'ªuticas) and has been adapted to the European Bologna process. It consists of five years of study with the last semester consisting of full-time service training at community pharmacies (four months) and in the hospital pharmacy department (two months).
After obtaining a degree certificate, graduates must join the "Order of Pharmacists" (Portuguese: "Ordem dos FarmacÃÆ'ªuticos"), the regulatory and licensing body for the pharmaceutical profession in Portugal, to be registered as a pharmacist and to be eligible to work in the profession.
Currently, there are five public universities and four private universities offering MPharm degrees in Portugal. The University of Lisbon's pharmaceutical public schools, the University of Porto, and the University of Coimbra are considered the country's highest pharmaceutical school.
Qatar
In Qatar, a minimum of a Pharmacy degree is required to practice as a licensed pharmacist. The University of Qatar (the only national university) [6] began offering a 5 year BSc (Pharm) degree in 2007. The 6-year PharmD degree program has also been approved, with expected student intake in 2011. In 2008, the College of Pharmacy becoming the seventh university of Qatar University, which has received initial accreditation by the Canadian Council for Pharmaceutical Program Accreditation (CCAPP). Currently it is the first and only pharmacy college in the country.
Serbian
In Serbia, there are 4 universities for pharmaceutical studies: the University of Belgrade, the University of Kragujevac, the University of Nis, and the University of Novi Sad. The study was held at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Belgrade, Faculty of Medical Sciences at Kragujevac, Faculty of Medicine at Ni? and the Faculty of Medicine at Novi Sad. The first pharmacy study began at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade 24 October 1939 and later grew to become an independent faculty (Faculty of Pharmacy) 19 October 1945. An integrated pharmacy study can be studied by anyone who has completed secondary education, usually after a Gymnasium or four-year nursing school, or other secondary schools lasting four years. During the application process, their high school grades and scores on entrance exams (??????????/prijemni ispit) are taken into account, and the best students are enrolled. Entrance tests include testing of students' knowledge of chemistry and mathematics. Study last 5 years (10 semesters) and degree after graduation is "Master of Pharmacy" (???????????????????????????????????????????????????? General information obtained by students includes pharmacology pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical technology, cosmetology, nutrition, chemistry, and other pharmaceutical-based research Pharmacist graduates may move to postgraduate studies or work in pharmacies, pharmaceutical industry, drug quality control, laboratory for research, in nursing schools as teachers , as clinical pharmacists, in hospitals, or biochemists in various laboratories.
South Korea
In South Korea, a new six year program in pharmaceutical education has been in place since 2011.
Thai
In Thailand, there are currently two types of courses for Pharmacy studies 1) five year program - Bachelor of Pharmacy or B.Pharm
2) six-year program - Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical (Pharmaceutical Care) or Pharm. D
Some universities in Thailand offer a two-year course for anyone who graduated with B. Pharm to complete Pharm. D
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, integration with the EU has resulted in the BPharm and BSc courses being replaced by a four-year course for the Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) qualification. In the UK, the General Pharmaceutical Council is responsible for the regulation of pharmaceutical affairs and in Northern Ireland, it is the Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland. Graduates must complete a year of practical training and pass the enrollment exam before they can be included on the pharmacist list, known as a list of pharmaceutical chemists. Post professional enrollment education may be provided by organizations such as the British Clinical Pharmacy Association.
- Please see List of pharmacy schools in the UK offering MPharm courses.
Pharmacists registered in other countries may also register in the UK. Foreign pharmacists are required to undertake the Overseas Pharmacist Assessment Program (OSPAP), a one-year intensive course focused on pharmaceutical practice in the UK. OSPAP authorizations can be provided by the General Pharmaceutical Council and courses are conducted either at Sunderland University, Aston University, Hertfordshire University, Kingston University or the University of Brighton. However, pharmacists who have obtained their qualifications and registered in other countries in the European Economic Area may apply to the General Pharmaceutical Council without undergoing additional or pre-registration training.
Pharmacists in the UK can now be accredited to perform a number of enhanced services. These include but are not limited to drug use reviews (MUR's) and Patient Group Directives (where certain prescribed medicines may be given by pharmacists for indications such as hair restoration, weight loss, emergency hormonal contraceptives and erectile dysfunction).
Pharmacist, Pharmacy, and Pharmacy titles are legally protected in the UK. They may only be used by individuals registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council; any other user is guilty of committing a crime.
United States
Traditionally in the United States, the Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy is the first professional degree for pharmaceutical practice. However, in 1990, the United States Pharmacy Association (AACP) mandated that Pharmaceutical Physicians be the first professional titles to begin with a class in 2006.
Running the Accredited Pharmacy Board Accreditation for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) program allows pharmacy students to take the licensing exam (see Pharmacy Education, Pharmacist) and become a registered pharmacist (R.Ph.) through their respective subsidiaries of the National Association of Boards Pharmacy (NABP).
Reception
As of February 2012, there are 129 School of Pharmacy. A list of the latest pharmacy schools can be found on the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy website or List of available pharmacy schools. List of schools # USA pharmacy
Currently, individuals who wish to become pharmacists must complete pre-pharmacy degree programs first. The program consists of a minimum of 60-90 credit hours semester (90-100 credit hours quarter) undergraduate courses in basic and advanced science; However, many students find completion of a four-year program (between 120-130 semester credit hours) leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in biology, chemistry, or similar fields increasing their chances of admission. Pre-requisite and application requirements vary by each pharmacy school/college; therefore, it is wise to be aware of the requirements for prospective schools throughout undergraduate education. Application requirements and pharmacy entrance processes vary (see Pharmacy Education). A full list of ACPE accredited programs is available on the ACPE website. In addition, a PCAT score (Physics College Entrance Test) is required in most academies and pharmacy schools. Additional requirements for admission may include essays, references, interviews or participation in other activities on campus.
PharmCas is a College Pharmacy Application Service that allows students to enroll in multiple colleges/pharmacy schools with one online application. Some pharmacy colleges/schools do not use PharmCAS and still require direct application either alone or in combination with PharmCAS. Completion of applications on PharmCAS includes application fee submission, online application, official transcript, reference letters, and test scores (including PCAT). It should be noted that not all colleges/pharmacy schools require applicants to submit scores for PCAT5, and for international applicants or students (non-AS) whose English is the second language, TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), is required.
College or pharmacy schools can offer admissions into professional programs through an early warranty program. Students are accepted with initial guarantees matriculate into professional degree programs upon successful completion of entry requirements and application procedures. The program is referred to as "0-6," as students are accepted into professional pharmacy programs, depending on the requirements, during the undergraduate college application process. Similarly, the program may be "2-4". The "2" describes the first 2 years of study required to complete a pharmaceutical prerequisite course. Students completing the "2-4" program must apply for admission to a professional pharmacy program. The application process usually begins after the completion of the third semester of study for admission to a professional program the following autumn.
Apart from Pharm.D. programs, many schools and pharmacy colleges offer undergraduate degree programs (ie, Master of Science [M.S.], Doctor of Philosophy [Ph.D.]) (see Pharmacy Education). Students enrolled in the program are generally called "graduate students," while "pharmacy students" are generally reserved for students at Pharm.D. program. A M.S. or Ph.D. from a pharmacy school or college does not qualify the recipient to sit for the license exam and become a licensed pharmacist. The M.S. and Ph.D. a degree in pharmaceutical science is a postgraduate degree that focuses on research and is offered by school/college pharmacy. "The main focus and design of the PhD degree program must be intensive research to develop independent pharmaceutical science researchers." 'This degree is accredited by regional and national accreditation bodies.
Professional courses
After admission, a student will normally complete a four-year pharmacy program, although some schools offer an accelerated three-year program. The curriculum usually begins with courses in physiology and pathophysiology, medical chemistry, pharmacognology, pharmacology and toxicology. After a student is proficient in these core pharmaceutical sciences, instruction in evidence-based therapeutic applications of pharmacological agents begins. Apart from the use of agents, students are taught to recognize and assess disease risk factors, interpret clinical data and recognize drug interactions and disease status.
While most schools teach core science courses separately, some schools use a system-based approach, teaching all materials from physiology to therapeutic to specific body systems before moving on to another. Adding to pharmaceutical science, ethics courses, management, pharmacy law, communications, public health and advocacy are taught throughout professional programs.
In addition to didactic work, pharmacy education includes practice experience. These experiences are generally directed by the school, conducted under the supervision of a mentor and intended to complement the work done in the classroom. The introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) should consist of 5% of the curriculum and can take many forms, and introduce students to pharmaceutical practice. The final year of the curriculum generally consists entirely of advanced pharmaceutical practice experience (APPE). These experiences should account for 25% of the curriculum and allow students the opportunity to practice in various environments under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist. The curriculum development for pharmacy schools is guided by standards set by ACPE. Successful completion of practical experience objectives may result in academic credits and meet the requirements of the state pharmacy council for apprenticeship. There are 7 standards that provide frameworks and content for the pharmacy school curriculum. These standards allow interpretation by individual schools to develop courses that are aligned with the mission and goals of their respective institutions. Below are the seven standards included in the curriculum section and a brief description of what covers each standard.
1. The purpose of the curriculum
A. This standard ensures that pharmacy schools prepare graduates for pharmaceutical practice in any setting, must meet the educational requirements for the license, and meet the requirements of the University for Pharm.D degree
b. This standard further requires a curriculum to develop the knowledge, attitudes, and values ​​necessary to practice and advance the profession.
2. Curricular development, delivery, and improvement
A. Stating the school faculty is responsible for the curriculum
b. The curriculum should consist of required and elective courses and experience
c. Must be 4 academic years or equal number of hours/credits
d. The curriculum should contain didactic courses to develop a scientific foundation, not less than 5% as an introductory pharmaceutical practice experience (IPPE), and not less than 25% as an advanced pharmaceutical practice experience (APPE).
3. Teaching and learning methods
A. Improve the use of teaching and learning methods that ensure competence, develop problem-solving skills, and produce active, independent, and lifelong learners.
4. Professional competence and results expectations
A. Define the critical competencies to be achieved throughout the professional program
b. Focuses on the ability to work in an interprofessional health care team and provide patient care, manage health care resources to improve patient outcomes, and to improve health, health and disease prevention.
5. Core curricular - knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values ​​
A. Stating the curriculum of professional degree programs should contain courses in biomedical science, pharmaceutical science, social sciences/behavior/administration, and clinical sciences
6. Core curricular - experience of pharmaceutical practice
A. Determine preliminary and advanced practice experience requirements
b. Stating that this experience should provide students with a wide range of experience in different practice settings, and should include collaboration with other health care professionals.
c. The arrangements required for this rotational experience should include community pharmacies, hospital pharmacies or health systems, outpatient care, and general hospitalization of acute care/treatment.
d. There must also be elective experience in a variety of other settings
7. Assessment and evaluation of student learning and curricular effectiveness
A. Ensure that schools have methods for assessing and improving the curriculum based on desired outcomes for their students. Placing emphasis on continuous improvement of curriculum quality.
Successful completion of practical experience objectives may result in academic credits and meet the requirements of the state pharmacy council for apprenticeship. After completing all professional curriculum and practical experience, students will graduate and be awarded a Doctor of Pharmacy degree and usually seek licensing through examination. There are also some colleges/schools that offer Dual Degree Programs such as Pharm.D./MBA, Pharm.D./J.D., Pharm.D./M.D., Pharm.D./M.P.H., Pharm.D./P.A. and other advanced degrees such as M.S. in Pharmacy Administration. Pharmacists with baccalaureate training can also obtain Pharm.D. degree through nontradisional Pharm.D. program.
After completing all the professional curriculum and practical experience, students will graduate and be awarded a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) Degree and usually seek licensing through examination.
License
Pharmacists must be licensed by state pharmacy councils where they wish to practice, with one exception: An active licensed pharmacist may practice in a federal facility regardless of the country issuing the license.
To obtain an initial license, or license through examination, a candidate must graduate from an AACP accredited school or pharmacy college, fulfill the requirements for apprenticeship, writing and passing the North American Pharmacist License Test (NAPLEX), in several states writing and passing the Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence Examination Multi-country (MPJE) and sometimes additional state exams. After the license, one can then be appointed "Pharmacist" or "Registered Pharmacist" ("R.Ph."), since the use of these titles is generally governed by the state government.
According to ACPE, accreditation may be awarded for baccalaureate in a pharmacy degree and a doctor of a pharmacy degree. Pharmacy degree physicians are designed to produce graduates who are "prepared for practical education and must meet educational requirements for licensing." Students receiving a baccalaureate degree in pharmacy or pharmaceutical science are not eligible for licensure as a pharmacist. Upon obtaining the license, it must be renewed periodically by completing continuing education and other requirements as determined by the licensing country.
Accreditation of Pharmacy School
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) was established in 1932 as an accrediting body for pharmaceutical schools in the United States. ACPE's mission is "To guarantee and advance excellence in education for the pharmaceutical profession." It is recognized for the accreditation of professional degree programs by the United States Department of Education (USDE) and the Board of Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). Since 1975, ACPE has also become an accrediting body for continuing pharmacy education. The board of directors of ACPE is appointed by the Association of American Pharmacies (AACP), the American Pharmacist Association (APhA), the National Pharmacy Association (NABP) (each of three appointments), and the American Board of Education (one promise). To obtain a license in the United States, applicants to the North American Pharmacist License Test (NAPLEX) must graduate from an accredited pharmacy school ACPE. ACPE publishes standards to be followed by pharmacy schools to gain accreditation. There are currently 30 standards organized in six main categories: 1) mission, planning, and evaluation, 2) organization and administration, 3) curriculum, 4) students, 5) faculty and staff, 6) facilities and resources. Pharmacy schools pursuing accreditation must first submit an application and be granted Pre-candidate status. These schools have met all the requirements of accreditation, but have not enrolled students. This status indicates that the pharmacy school has developed its program in accordance with ACPE standards and guidelines. After the school enrolls the students, but does not yet have a graduation class, they can be given Candidate status. The hope of the Prospective program is that they will continue to mature according to the set plan. Graduates of Candidates programs are similar to fully accredited programs. Full accreditation is awarded to a program after they indicate that they comply with the standards set by ACPE. The customary review cycle for accredited accredited programs is six years, while for programs that achieve their initial accreditation, this cycle is two years. This is a comprehensive site evaluation of the program. Additional evaluations may be made at the discretion of the ACPE between a comprehensive evaluation. A reputable pharmacist can reply to an active license through an examination to another country. Usually the terms for licensing by reciprocity are less intensive and may require as little as passing additional legal exams.
Postgraduate work
New pharmacy graduates may choose to complete an optional post-graduate residency (one to three years) rather than going straight into pharmacy practice. The pharmaceutical residency consists of one to two year public residence and one to two year dedicated residency. Residency allows graduates to further hone their clinical skills in a structured environment. The first year of residency training is a year of general practice and is referred to as a one-year postgraduate or "PGY1." The second year of residency training, referred to as a two-year graduate or "PGY2," is usually directed to specialization in specific therapeutic areas, such as cardiology, pediatrics, infectious diseases, etc. The residency program can be accredited by the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists (ASHP). The list of accredited programs can be accessed through the ASHP website as well as the ACCP website.
External links
- Board of Accreditation for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
- National Pharmacy Association (NABP)
- American Academy of Pharmacy Association (AACP)
- Student Resources of the American Pharmacists Association, Student Apothecary Academy
- The British Clinical Pharmacy Association (UKCPA)
Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, pharmacists are trained at two Universities, the University of Zimbabwe (who has trained pharmacists since the 1970s) and Harare Institute of Technology. Both universities offer a four-year bachelor's degree (Honors). After qualification, graduates then undertake a one-year pre-registration training under the auspices of the Zimbabwe Pharmacist Board. They are then expected to conduct one year of community service at designated health institutions. Only after these two years, pharmacists in Zimbabwe get an open practice certificate.
There is also a requirement by the Zimbabwe Pharmacist Board for all pharmaceutical graduates to conduct professional qualification checks before they can be registered as a pharmacist as well as maintaining registration status through continuous professional development activities.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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