Adverbial phrase

src: i.ytimg.com

In linguistics, the adverbial phrase ("AdvP") is a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbs, and sentences. Adverbial Phrases can be divided into two types: adverbia complement versus adverbia modifier. For example in the sentence He sings very well , the phrase very well is adverbial phrase , because it modifies the verb sing . More specifically, the adverbial phrase is excellent contains two adverbials, very and both : while either modifies the verb into convey information on how to sing (eg, He sings well versus he sings bad ), very is a degrees changer that conveys information about the extent of the action singing is well achieved (eg, Not only does he sing well, he sings very well ).

Video Adverbial phrase

Adverbial phrase type

The following example illustrates some of the most common types of adverbial phrases. All of the adverb phrases appear in bold; when relevant, the head of each adverbial phrase appears in square brackets.

Adverbial Degrees

The head of each of the following adverbial phrases is an adverbial title (written Deg in syntactic tree). The adverbial degree modifies the adjacent adverb (ie, the lesser description in the syntactic tree than the adverbial level). Adverbial degrees are commonly used in English to convey the intensity, degree, or focus of adjacent adjectives. In most cases, adverbial titles are used to alter adverbs in adverbial phrases: for example, in (1) very adverbial degrees modify adverbs quickly ; in (2) adverbial degrees strongly modifying hard ; in (3) the adverbial degree really modifies the adverb either ; and on (4), adverbial degrees so modify the adverbs immediately .

 (1)  They fixed my car  [very] fast .   Â Â Â Â (2)  He works very  [very] hard  in the game.   Â Â Â Â (3)  He is really good in his race.   Â Â Â Â (4)  Why did you leave  [so] immediately ?   

Adverbial Phrases Modifier

The adverbial phrase changer combines with sentences, and the removal of adverbial phrases produces well-formed sentences. For example, at (5) an adverbial modifiers phrase within an hour can be deleted, and sentences remain well formed (eg, I will go to sleep ); in (6) the advP modifiers three hours late can be omitted, and the sentence remains well formed (for example, We arrived ); and at (7), the later AdvP modifier can be omitted, and the sentence remains well formed (eg The situation has been completed ). Just as an attributive adjective phrase function provides additional information about adjacent adjectives, the adverbial modifier phrase illustrated in (5) to (7) serves as a secondary predicate that provides additional temporal information about the sentence.

 (5)  I will go to bed  within an hour  .  Â Â Â Â (6)  We arrived  three hours late  .  Â Â Â Â Â (7)   Later on the day   the situation has been resolved. 

Completing the Adverbial Phrase

As mentioned above, completing adverbial phrases is much more common than their modifier counterparts. Adverbial phrases serve as a complement usually appear when adverbial licensing complement as an optional requirement. Almost all of these complementary licenses complement adjacent prepositional phrases. Below are some examples of complementary adverbial phrases.

 (8)  Country vehicle purchases are handled  [similar] for all country purchases  .  Â Â Â Â (9)  Foreign companies in the US market are treated  [alike] with their US counterparts  . 

Distinguishing annotations, adverbial phrases, and adverbial clauses

The following sentence illustrates the difference between an adverb, an adverbial phrase, and an adverbial clause. In the first example, "soon" is an adverb (as different from noun or verb), which is an adverbial type. In the second sentence, the modifier "in one hour" has the same syntactic function (that is, to act adverbially and modify the sentence base "I'm going to sleep"), even if it does not contain an adverb. This modifier consists of a preposition and a defining phrase, and serves as adverbial, thus making it an adverbial phrase. In the third example, we see the whole clause as adverbial; it's called an adverbial clause.

 (10)  I will go to bed  immediately  .  Â Â Â Â (11)  I will go to bed  within an hour  .  Â Â Â Â (12)  I'm going to bed when I finish reading my book  .  

Maps Adverbial phrase

Distribution

Functionally, the adverbial term refers to all structures that can take adverb positions at the level of the phrase structure. Adverbs modify the functional categories that occur in a sentence and can also be treated as predicates that are functionally open and require one or more arguments to be satisfied. It has been argued that the distribution of adverbs is largely conditioned by their lexical or thematic nature.

Adverbial Class

The adverbial main class is used to distinguish the functional properties of an adverb in the phrase. Each class has subcategories, which refer more specifically to the syntactic and semantic nature of the adverbial. There is no different terminology for these classes that are universally used in the literature, although adverbials are often classified into their functional categories. The main classes of adverbs are Adjunct, Disjunct and Conjunct.

1. Invitation:

   refers to information from actions or circumstances in clauses or aspects of things in the real world.

2. Konjungt:

   contextualize the relationship between text. Provides a connecting function.

   (that is, to start with, however)

3. Visits:

   submit an evaluation of speakers about something

   (eg maybe, fortunately)

4. Subjunct:

   has a subordinate role relative to other clauses in the structure.

   often refers to the point of view, focus, or degree of adverbials

The subject class is usually placed in an additional class because it is difficult to distinguish between the two.

Subcategories for adverbs have a more universal terminology in use and often refer to the nature of adverbs in each phrase. Much of the literature focuses on additional adverbial specific categories.

Subcategories for adverbial

Additional adverbials are the most frequently discussed adverbial classes, when discussing the distribution in English. Completing adverbials is also seen to display similar attributes as additions. Distinguishing between these is a matter of real realization of the phrase and discussed below. The best known subcategories for adverbial additions are:

1. Time (answer 'When?')

   He will arrive in no time.

2. Place (answer Where's the question? ')

   She waits near the wall.

3. Manner (answering the question 'How?')

   They discuss the matter in a civilized way.

Additional adverbial supplemental subcategories are: degree, speaker-oriented, duration, focus, point of view, and frequency.

Conventional keywords, sometimes called adverbial connections, are used to associate shared clauses and appear in the initial position of clauses in English.

Connect

On Tuesday there was a big party, but , I was not invited.

Disjunct adverbials, also abbreviated as capital adverbials, have subcategories that convey the speaker's interpretation of what appears to be lower in the clause.

Evaluative

In my opinion , the syntax is confusing.

Subverbial subversion is not often discussed as a class of its own in the literature. Because this subcategory distinction as subjunctive depends on the role that adverbs take in phrases, subordinate roles, and when not in this structure will be in additional classes.

1. Viewpoint
2. Focus
3. Degree

Adjuncts vs. Complements

Adverbials may be additional, complementary, conjunctent, or hijacked. Most commonly, the Adverbial Phrase is complementary or additional. Additional adverbial phrases provide additional information and are part of the clause structure, but are optional. A complement is elements of an utterance that complement the meaning of the noun or sentence it uses. Unlike additions, they need to complete the meaning of the given sentence. An adverbial complement is a term used to identify the adverbial phrase necessary for the meaning of a verb or speech. Adverbial complements always appear after the verbs they modify. If the verb is intransitive, the complement will appear immediately after the verb; if the verb is transitive, the complement will appear after the immediate object of the verb.

The test to identify whether the adverbial phrase is complementary or additional to remove the intended phrase from the sentence. If the sentence no longer makes sense or if the meaning is changed heavily, then the adverbial element is complementary. If the meaning is still intact, it is additional.

src: fthmb.tqn.com

Adverbial fronting

One of the most frequent phenomena in sentences involving adverbial phrases is frontal adverbial, in which the adverbial phrase moves ahead of the sentence.

• I will set sail next year.
• Next year, I'll go sailing.

Liliane Haegeman has done a lot of work on both of these phenomena, as well as comparing the adverbial phrase movement to this syntactic position with the typical movement and topicization of the argument. Haegeman mentions that there is a distinction between fronted adjuncts (in this case, adverbial phrases) and localized arguments. The adverbial phrases behave in addition, and which serve as very useful in discussions of adverbial phrases and their movements, as well as their integration into syntactic structures.

There are three main reasons, according to Haegeman, why the specialist and fronted adjunct arguments are different.

1. The fronted argument blocks the extraction of the subject, while the fronted adjunct does not. This is presented in the following example, given in "Notes on Long Adverbial Fronting in English and Left Bank":

• * "This is the person whose freedom will not give us".
• "John Prescott is the person who in the future will be responsible for the big negotiations."

2. The industrialized argument determines the effect of the island on extraction, while the adjunct fronted is not. What this means is that the argument can not be extracted from an island and thus fronted, whereas additional, in this case adverbial phrases, can be extracted and in-front.

3. The English fronted argument is limited to the root clause, while the addition is not. With regard to the main and embedded clauses, the topicalization of the argument can not occur from an embedded clause to the root. However, the free additions to make this movement and are not limited by the embedded clause.

The third distinction between specialist arguments and fronted adjectives is well suited for an explanation of the long and short adverbist frontman. The front of the short adverb is fronting of the addition as an adverb in a single clause, while the adverb's long front involves the incremental movement of a position in the clause attached to the position in the root clause. According to Haegeman, an example of a long adverbist frontman seems to behave like a front-run argument, following three notoriously unexpected differences from adjuvants like the adverbial phrase. This is pointed out, Haegeman argues, as extracted extracts behave similarly to localized arguments in long-time extreme blocking, subject extraction, while a short frontend adjunct does not. Furthermore, in front of a long addition, the long adjunct frontend means that the moving constituent can change the meaning of the sentence or make it not grammatical.

• This is an investigator who I say has never been illegitimate unlawful money while I was president of the university.
• This is an investigator who, as long as I am chairman of the university, I say there has never been any illegitimate unlawful money.

It has also been suggested that an adverbial provisional clause, providing "when" information about time, can be derived from movements-wh in sentences and up front in the same way. Typically, this is the movement toward the left margin, to the left of the subject's position.

• When I hear this song, I think of my first love.

Previously discussed short fronting plays a role in the movement of adverbial temporal clauses. According to the Haegeman movement approach, short movements are commonly found in the adverbial movement in the meantime; However, long adverbial movements are also found in adverbial temporal phrases using "when".

src: i.ytimg.com

Adverbial phrases in French vs. English

The adverbial phrases are different across languages, mainly French. Like English, the adverb phrase is part of a sentence that adds in-depth information. French often requires the use of adverbial phrases in which English is filled with simple adverbs.

For example, where using only one adverb, English requires a full adverbial sentence:

• surprisingly -> shocking
• forward -> forward gold forward
• hopefully -> with a little hope

The placement of adverbs in an adverbial phrase is usually determined by the category of adverbs. In English, the placement of adverbs can sometimes be arbitrary, in which some information can be found in front of or after a verb or even at the beginning of a sentence, while French adverbs have stricter rules and can be difficult.

When the French adverbs modify the verb, it is placed after the conjugated verb, for example:

Nous avons bien mangà © Å ©.

We ate well .

When an adverb modifies an adjective or other adverb, it is placed in front of the word it modifies, for example:

Je suis profondÃÆ' â € <â € <Â © ment ÃÆ' Â © mu.

I strongly moved.

There is a contrast between the adverbial verb-order in French and the verb-verb in English. Adverbial expressions are formed in French, combining prepositions with nouns (or noun phrases), adjectives (adjective nouns), adverbs, or a series of words.

While the movement is slightly different from English, the suffixes are similar. Most of the French words that end in-are adverbs, and most of the time the English equivalent almost always ends in-right: gÃÆ' Â © nÃÆ' Â © ralement - generally. In a brief overview of how adverbs are used in the structure of the whole phrase, in French there is an extension in the word because of the ingenuity adjective-to-word adjective conversion process, that is, the -fixation. As an example:

Ferme -> Fermement

Patient-> Patiemment

Similarly, in English, the has-suffication words are added at the end of the adverb in the adverbial phrase. As an example:

Firm-> Firm

Patient-> Patient

However, the process of adding this suffix at the end of the adverbial word in French, is not as versatile as in English, and some adjectives are incompatible with it. For example, the word 'interesting' would be non-mathematical if the adverb -ment suffix should be added:

IntÃÆ' Â © ressant-> * intÃÆ' Â © ressamment

In addition, the French adverbs are derived from adjectives in a completely disorganized fashion that does not even use the suffix -ment:

• bon -> bien ("nice" -> "good")
• mauvais -> mal ("bad" -> "bad")
• meilleur -> mieux ("better" -adjective -> "better" -adverb)

src: i.ytimg.com

See also

• The adjective sentence
• Adverbial
• Adverb
• Adverbial Complaints

src: slideplayer.com

References

Source of the article : Wikipedia