Homework , or homework , is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teacher to complete outside the classroom. Common homework assignments may include required reading, writing or typing projects, math exercises to be completed, information to be reviewed before the exam, or any other skills that will be put into practice.
The effects of homework are debated. In general, homework does not improve academic achievement among children and may improve academic skills among older students, especially low achieving students. Homework also creates pressure for students and their parents and reduces the amount of time students can spend outdoors, exercising, playing, working, sleeping, or in other activities.
Video Homework
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The basic purpose of delivering homework to students is similar to that of schools in general: to increase knowledge and improve students' skills and skills, to prepare them for future lessons (or complicated or difficult), to expand what they know by having them apply it in new situations, or to integrate their abilities by applying different skills to a single task. Homework also provides an opportunity for parents to participate in the education of their children. Homework is designed to reinforce what students have learned.
Teachers have many goals for assigning homework including:
- practice,
- preparations,
- participation
- personal development,
- parent-child relationship,
- parent-teacher communication,
- peer interactions, policy
- ,
- public relations, and Punishment
- .
Maps Homework
Effects
Academic performance
Homework research began in the early 1900s. However, there is no consensus on general effectiveness on homework. The results of homework studies vary based on several factors, such as their age group being studied and measures of academic performance.
Among adolescents, students who spend more time on homework generally have higher scores, and test scores are somewhat higher than students who spend less time doing homework. The very high number of homework causes the student's academic performance to deteriorate, even among older students. Students given homework in middle and high class are somewhat better on standardized tests, but students who have 60 to 90 minutes of homework a day in high school or over two hours in secondary school scores are worse off.
Younger students who spend more time on homework generally have slightly worse, or similar academic performance, such as those who spend less time doing homework. Homework does not improve academic achievement for elementary school students.
Low-achieving students receive more benefits from doing homework than high-achieving students. However, school teachers usually provide fewer homework to the students who need it most, and more homework for students who perform well.
Learning habits
Proponents claim that providing homework to children helps them learn good study habits. Basically, they advocate doing potentially unimportant homework from the ages of five to ten as a way of practicing to do the necessary homework from ages 10 to 15. No research has ever been done to determine whether this claim has any merit.
Non-academic
The number of homework assignments does not always affect the students' attitudes toward homework and other aspects of the school.
Epstein (1988) found a near-zero correlation between the number of homework and parent reports about how well the behavior of their primary school students. Vazsonyi & amp; Pickering (2003) studied 809 adolescents in American high school, and found that, using the Normative Deviation Scale as a deviation model, the correlation was r =.28 for Caucasian students, and < span> r =.24 for African-American students. For the three correlations, the higher values ​​indicate a higher correlation between time spent on homework and bad behavior.
Bempechat (2004) says that homework develops students' motivation and learning skills. In a single study, parents and teachers of high school students believed that homework enhanced student learning skills and personal responsibility skills. Their students are more likely to have a negative perception of homework and less likely to consider developing such skills for homework. Leone & amp; Richards (1989) found that students generally had negative emotions when completing homework and reduced involvement compared with other activities.
Health and everyday life
Homework has been identified in various studies and articles as a source of stress or anxiety that is dominant or significant for students. Studies on the relationship between homework and health are few compared to studies of academic achievement.
Cheung & amp; Leung-Ngai (1992) surveyed 1,983 students in Hong Kong, and found that homework causes not only stress and anxiety but also physical symptoms, such as headaches and abdominal pain. Students in surveys that are ridiculed or punished by parents and peers have a higher incidence of depressive symptoms, with 2.2% of students reporting that they "always" have thoughts of suicide, and anxiety is exacerbated by student punishment and criticism by teachers for both. problems with homework and forgetting to hand over homework.
A 2007 American student study by MetLife found that 89% of students felt stressed from homework, with 34% reporting that they "often" or "very often" feel stress from homework. Stress is especially noticeable among high school students. Students who report stress from homework are more likely not to sleep.
Homework can cause tension and conflict at home and at school, and can reduce leisure and student families. At Cheung & amp; Leung-Ngai (1992) survey, failure to complete homework and low scores where homework is a factor that contributes to correlate with larger conflicts; some students have reported teachers and parents often criticize their work. In the MetLife study, high school students reported spending more time completing homework than doing house chores. Kohn (2006) argues that homework can create family conflicts and reduce the quality of life of students. The authors of Sallee & amp; Rigler (2008), both high school English teachers, reported that their homework interfered with their students' extracurricular activities and responsibilities. However, Kiewra et al. (2009) found that parents tend not to report homework as a distraction from the activities and responsibilities of their children. Galloway, Conner & amp; The Pope (2013) recommends further empirical studies related to this aspect because of differences between student and parental observations.
Time usage
Galloway, Conner & amp; The Pope (2013) surveyed 4,317 high school students from ten high-performing schools, and found that students reported spending more than 3 hours doing homework each day. 72% of students reported stress from homework, and 82% reported physical symptoms. The students slept an average of 6 hours 48 minutes, lower than the recommendations set by various health agencies.
A study conducted at the University of Michigan in 2007 concluded that the number of homework assignments is increasing. In a sample taken by students between the ages of 6 and 9, it shows that students spend more than 2 hours a week on homework, compared to 44 minutes in 1981.
Benefits
Some educators argue that homework benefits students, as it improves learning, develops skills taught in the classroom, and allows educators to verify that students understand their lessons. Proponents also argue that homework makes it more likely that students will develop and maintain appropriate learning habits that they can use throughout their educational careers.
History
United States
Historically, homework has been criticized in American culture. With few students interested in higher education, and because of the need to complete daily tasks, homework is not recommended by parents, but also by the school district. In 1901, the California legislature passed an act that effectively eliminated homework for those who attended kindergarten through the eighth grade. However, in the 1950s, with increasing pressure on the United States to stay ahead in the Cold War, homework made a revival, and children were encouraged to compete with their Russian counterparts. At the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the consensus in American education strongly supported the publishing of homework for students of all grade levels.
United Kingdom
UK students get more homework than many other countries in Europe. The weekly average for the subject is 5 hours. The main difference for UK PR is social inequality, with middle-class youth getting a disproportionate amount of homework compared to Asia and Europe.
Spanish
In 2012, a report by the OECD showed that Spanish children spend 6.4 hours a week doing homework. This prompted CEAPA, which represented 12,000 parent associations for calling home work strikes.
Notes and references
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Work
Homework effectiveness
Homework and non-academic effects
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Further reading
- Duke Study: Homework Helps Students Succeed in Schools, as long as Not Too Much
- The Case of Homework: How Homework Hurts Our Children and What We Can Do About It by Sarah Bennett & amp; Nancy Kalish (2006) Discusses in detail the study's own study of homework and self-study and home work situation assessments in the United States. Have specific letter recommendations and samples to use in negotiating reduced home work load for your child.
- Closing Books on Homework: Improving Public Education and Releasing Family Time by John Buell (2004)
- The Battle Over Homework: Common Ground for Administrators, Teachers, and Parents by Harris Cooper (2007)
- The Homework Myth: Why Our Children Are Too Many Bad Things by Alfie Kohn (2006)
- End of Homework: How Homework Disrupts Families, Charges Kids, and Restricting Learning by Etta Kralovec and John Buell (2000)
External links
- "The Myth About Homework", Claudia Wallis,
, August 29, 2006 - History of "The Dog Ate My Homework" as the reason
- Bridging the Division of Large Homework: A Solution Guide for Parents of Secondary School Students - from the National Education Association.
- home work tips for parents - US Department of Education.
- The BBC (UK) parenting school guide
- Helping Your Students With Homework: A Guide for Teachers - US Department of Education.
- Home Work Practices that Support Students with Disabilities
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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