This article is a description of Korean morphology, syntax, and semantics. For phonetics and phonology, see Korean phonology. See also Korean honorary title, which plays a big role in grammar.
Video Korean grammar
Notes about romanization
This article uses a form of Yale romanization to illustrate the morphology of Korean words. The Yale system differs from the revised Romanization of Korea seen by the name of the place.
Under the Yale version used here, morphemes are written according to their basic form, not their spelling in Korean writing or pronunciation systems. Under this system, for example, syllables written in Korean as ? is analyzed as ess although ss will be pronounced t before other consonants, and vowels e ? is spoken low and somewhat round, closer to o . To avoid confusion, the thick type will represent the morphology (in Yale), and italics will represent the Revised Romanization.
Maps Korean grammar
The classification of words
Korean grammarians have classified Korean words into parts of speeches for centuries, but modern standards are taught in public schools, selected by the Korean Education Committee in 1963. These are the 9 pods ( 9 ?? ) system, which divides words into nine categories called pumsa .
The pumsa itself is grouped together according to the following chart.
- Content words
- Substantive
- ?? myeongsa (noun)
- ??? daemyeongsa (pronoun)
- ?? susa (number words)
- Verbs (in general)
- ?? dongsa (action verb)
- ??? hyeongyongsa (verbs or descriptive adjectives)
- Modifier
- ??? gwanhyeongsa (determinator, prenouns, or unspecified adjectives)
- ?? foam (adverbs)
- Words of other content
- ??? gamtansa (speech or appeal)
- Substantive
- Words function
- ?? josa (particle or postposition)
Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are grouped into parts of their own words. Descriptive verbs and action verbs are classified separately despite essentially sharing the same conjugation. The verb end is a large and rich morpheme class, showing such things in sentence as tense, mood, aspect, speech level (of which there are 7 in Korean), and honorific titles. Prefixes and suffixes are numerous, in part because Korean is an agglutinative language.
There are also various important classes of words and morphemes that are not generally classified among pumsa . The 5 major word classes or morphemes are:
- ?? eomi (verb endings)
- ??? jisieo (demonstrative)
- ??? jeopsogeo (conjunction)
- ??? jeopdueo (prefix)
- ??? jeommieo (suffix)
Substantives
Postposition
Korean postposition is also known as a marker. Examples include ? ( neun , topic marker) and ? ( reul , the object marker). Postposition comes after substantives and is used to indicate the role (subject, object, complement, or topic) of a noun in a sentence or clause. For a bigger list, see wikt: Category: Korean Particles.
- Case clitics
Both the noun and pronoun take the clitoral letters. The pronoun is somewhat irregular. Like many clitics and suffixes in Korea, for many cases, different forms of clitics are used with consonant ending nouns and noun ending vowels. The most extreme example of this is in the nominative (subject), where the historical clitika i ? is now limited to appearing after the consonant, and a completely unrelated form (semetail) -ka (pronounced -ga ) appears after the vowel.
1 -uy ? is a historical and ancient spelling, now commonly pronounced [?] And [? i].
2 -lo also happens with a stem that ends ? l .
- Clitical information
* Topics and additive markers mark noun phrases with letter markers. They exclude markers of nominative and accusative cases rather than attached after the marker of the case.
Nouns
?? (??) Myeongsa , "nouns," have no grammatical sex and although they can be made plural by adding the Korean language text suffix < >? deul to the end of a word, generally the suffix is ​​not used when the plurality of nouns is clear from the context. For example, when the English sentence "there are three apples" will use "apple" instead of a single "apple , Korean sentence ??? ? ? ???? sagwaga se gae isssumnida "apple three (things) exist" save the word ?? sagwa "apple" in its unmarked form, because that number makes multiple placemarks.
The most basic and basic Korean vocabulary comes from Korean, e.g. ?? ( nara , country), ? ( nal , day). However, a large number of Korean nouns are derived from Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters for example. ? (?) san , "mountain," ? (?) yeok , "station," ?? (??) munhwa , "culture", etc. Many Sino-Korean words have a Korean equivalent and vice versa, but not always. The choice of whether to use a Chinese noun or a native Korean word is a complicated word, with Sino-Korean alternatives often sounding more profound or subtle. Similarly, Latin or French words in English are used in a collection of high-level vocabulary (eg science), so it sounds more subtle - for example, Anglo-Saxon "asks" versus Romance "asks".
Pronouns
Korean Pronouns ( ??? , daemyeongsa , ??? ) is strongly influenced by honorifics in the language. Changes change shape depending on the social status of the person or person to talk to, e.g. the pronoun for "I" is an informal word ? ( na ) and honor/humble languages ​​? ( jeo ). In general the second person single pronoun is avoided, especially when using a form of honor. The third person pronoun is not well developed and in many cases, a 'demon' demon in the combination of nouns such as "saram" 'person' or "ges" 'thing' is used to fill the void. Also, just for creative translation and writing, the newly created term, "geu-nye" (literally, 'the woman') is used to irrationally refer to a third woman. Gender-neutral third person is protected by demonstrative "geu" (originally 'it'). For a larger list of pronouns of Korean, see wikt: Category: Korean Pronouns.
Numbers
Korean Numbers ( ?? , susa , ? ? ) includes two commonly used sets: the original Korean set and a Sino-Korean set. The Sino-Korean system is almost entirely based on Chinese figures. The difference between the two number systems is very important. Anything that can be counted will use one of two systems, but rarely both. The large groupings in Korea follow the tradition of Chinese myriads (10,000) rather than thousands (1,000) as is common in Europe and North America.
Verbs (in general)
Processing Verbs
Korean ?? (??) dongsa , which includes ?? ( sseuda , "to use") and ?? ( mace , "to go"), usually called, simply, "verb". However, they can also be called "action verbs" or "dynamic verbs," because they describe an action, process, or movement. It distinguishes them from > ??? (???) hyeongyongsa .
Korean verb conjugation depends on the tension, aspect, mood, and social relationship between the speaker, the subject, and the listener. Different ends are used depending on the speaker's relationship with the subject or their audience. Modesty is an important part of Korean language and Korean culture; the correct verb suffix should be chosen to show the level of respect or familiarity appropriate to the situation.
Descriptive verb
??? Hyeongyongsa , sometimes translated as "adjective" but also known as "descriptive verb" or "stative verb," ​​is a verb like > ??? yeppeuda , "be beautiful" or ?? bukda , "to red." English does not have an identical grammatical category, and English translation of Korean hyeongyongsa is usually a verb that links English adjectives. However, some Korean words do not match that formula, like ??? aswipda , transitive verbs meaning "less" or "want", are still considered hyeongyongsa in Korean because they match the conjugation pattern for adjectives. For a larger list, see wikt: Category: Korean adjectives. The copulative and existential verb
Predicate marker i-ta ?? functions as a copula, which links the subject with its complement, that is, the role 'to be' plays in English. For example, ???? ??? . Taynamwu-nun phwul-i-ta. "Bamboo is grass." When the complement, which is suffixed by i-ta , ends with vowel , i-ta contract to -ta quite often as in the following example, > ??? ??? . Wuli-nun chinkwu-ta. "We are friends." The past form i-ta is of course i-ess-ta . However, if attached after the vowel, it is always contracted to yess-ta . Otherwise, it can not be contracted.
To exclude, special adjectives ani-ta ??? is used, being one of two cases that take a complement (the other is toy-ta ?? ). Two nouns take the nominative clitic i / ka ?/? before the copula is negative; one is the subject, and the other is complementary. For example, in ???? ??? ??? . Taynamwu-nun namwu-ka ani-ta. "Bamboo is not a tree.", ???? taynamwu-nun is the subject and ??? namwu-ka is complementary. Derivative form aniyo ??? is the word for "no" when answering positive questions. (In case of negative questions, aniyo is equivalent to "yes" in English.)
I-ta and ani-ta become ? ? i-ya (often ? yes after vowels) and ??? (??) ani-ya ( anya ) at the end of the sentence in hae-che style. In haeyo-che style, they become ??? i-ey-yo (often ?? yey-yo after vowels) and ???? ( ani-ey-yo ( anyey-yo ) and less common form ???/?? ie-yo/ye-yo and ???? (???) ani-e-yo ( anye-yo ).
Trumpets just to "be" in the sense "A is B". To exist, Korea uses an existential verb (or adjective) iss-ta ?? iss - / it-da "there is" and eps-ta ?? eob - / eop-da "does not exist." The honorific existential verb for iss-ta is kyeysi-ta ??? gyesi-da .
Modifiers
Determinatives
Korean ??? (???) gwanhyeongsa is known in English as "determinator," "determinative," "pre-noun," "adnouns," "associate," "unconjugated adjective , "and" unbreakable adjectives. " Gwanhyeongsa comes before and modifies or specifies a noun, such as an adjective or an attribute article in English. Examples include ? (?) kak , "respectively." For a larger list, see wikt: Category: Korean determinator.
Adverbs
Korean Adverbia ( ?? , foam , ? ? ) including ? ( ddo , "also") and ?? ( gadeuk , "fully"). Foam , like an English caption, change the verb. For a bigger list, see wikt: Category: Korean Adverbia.
Other content words
Exclamation
Korean Interjection ( ??? , gamtansa , ??? ) is also known in English as "exclamation". Examples include ?? ( ani , "no"). For a larger list, see wikt: Category: Korean interjections.
Syntax
Sometimes, just using an adverb is not enough to express the exact meaning that the speaker has in mind. The composition of the main verb (or adjective) and supporting verb (or adjective) can be used in this case, in addition to some grammatical features. Suffix includes -?/? - e / a , -? -key , -? -ci , and -? -ko is taken by the main verb (or adjective), and supporting verbs (or a.) follow it and conjugated .
Example using - e / a
- -?/? ??/?? - e / a word/ota : to continue doing, while away/closer
- -?/? ??? - e / a lights : to finally do (and I feel sad, or depressed, to see results)
- -?/? ?? - e / a pota : to try to do
- -?/??? - e / a ide ( written without spaces ): must be done; to be adj.
- -?/??? - e / a hata ( written without spaces ): to feel the adj.
Example using -key
- -? ?? -key toyta : must be done; to end by doing
- -? ?? -key hata : to make sb do
Example using -ci
- -? ?? -ci anhta ( --???? - ci anihata , - -canhta ): not to be done; not necessarily adj.
- -? ?? -ci Malta : does not perform (in command, eg ???! "Don do that!")
- -? ??? -ci moshata : can not do
Example using -ko
- -? ?? -ko pota : do before realizing sth
- -? ?? -ko creator : want to do
- -? ?? -ko issta : to do
Example uses another suffix
- - ?? ??/?? - e / a -ya hata/toyta : must do
- - ?? ?? - e / a -to toyta : allowed to do
- - (?)? ?? - (u) myen hata hoping to do
- - (?)? ?? - (u) myen toyta : just fine or desirable to do
Numbers
Korean has a common number. That is, the noun itself is not singular or plural. It also has an optional placemark tul ? -defines, are most likely to be used for high-definite and high-definition nouns (especially first and second person pronouns, for lower nouns and third person pronouns referring to humans , etc.) This is similar to some other languages ​​with optional numbers, such as Japanese.
However, tul Korea can also be found in predicates, on verbs, objects of verbs, or object changers, in this case forcing distributive plural readings (as opposed to collective readings) and indicating that the word is attached to disclose new information.
Example:
-
- 'You eat well and leave.'
In this case, the information on which the subject is plural is expressed.
To add distributive meaning to numbers, ? 'ssik' is used.
- "The students bought their own balloons."
Now the "balloon" is defined as a distributive plural.
Subject-verb agreement
Although it is usually stated that Korean does not have a verb-subject agreement, a conjugated verb, in fact, shows agreement with a logical subject (not necessarily a grammatical subject) in some way. However, the deal in Korean usually only narrows the range of subjects. Personal agreement is shown partially on the verb stem before the mood-tense-atmosphere-atmosphere suffix, and partly at the end of the sentences.
Korean language distinguishes:
- The honors subject from non-honorable subjects in the second or third person through the verb ending. See Korean honor.
- Korea distinguishes the first person from the first emotional verb, in the form of " A? B? ?? " A dislike B for example hardly used for 3rd person subjects in most registers, and only used in question in case of second person subject. (The notable exceptions are in novels or stories, where it is understood that the narrator is omniscient and can authoritatively describe what happens in mind A.) Conversely, the form " A? B? ???? "can be used freely for the first, second, and third person.
- the first person of the third person, in part, in the future and in the past.
- including the first person from the first person exclusive, and the first person from the third person, in the jussive mood
Korea does not distinguish:
- singular from plural to verb (though this is systematically marked on pronoun)
- second person from third person in statement
- second person from first person in question
The following table is meant to show how verbs are rooted and/or sentence suffix can vary depending on the subject. The column labeled "jussive ending" contains various ends of the jusif sentence in a plain style.
Valence
Valence in Korean
- Intransitive, adjective, or noun verbs plus the particle predicate i-ta ask for one argument, subject, even though it can be omitted. (? ????)
- ?? ???. "It's raining."
- ??? ???. "The sky is blue."
- ??? ????. "It's morning now."
- The transitive verb requires two arguments; one of which is the subject, and the other can be an object, a complement, or an important annotation. (? ????)
- ???? ?? ???. "A cat catches a mouse." (object)
- ?? ???? ?? ?? ???. "He came to me and became a flower." (adverb, then complete)
- Transited verbs carry three arguments, which always include important annotations. (? ????)
- ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???. "I got 3 boxes of kimchi from my mom."
- ??? ??? "???" ???. "My brother said" Everything will be fine. ""
Subordinate clause
Verbs can take conjunctive suffix. Suffixes is made subordinate clauses.
One very common suffix -ko -? -go, can be interpreted as gerund if used by itself, or, on its own subject, as a subordinate conjunction. Meaning, mek.ko ?? meokgo means approximately "eat," Chef lul mek.ko ??? ?? gogireul meokgo means "eat meat," and nay ka chef lul mek.ko ? ? ??? ?? nae-ga gogi-reul meog-go means "I eat meat and..." or "Eat my meat."
Another suffix, somewhat similar in meaning, is se ? -seo which, however, is attached to the long trunk of the verb. The length of the verb is formed by attaching - e / a ?/? -eo / -a after the consonant.
Both are sometimes called gerunds, verb forms ending in se and ending with -ko pairing two actions, actions in subclauses and actions in the main clause.. The difference between them is that with se the action in the subclause should take precedence, while -ko conveys more non-consecutive juxtapositions. se is often used to imply causation, and is used in many common equations such as manna se pan.kapsupnita ??? ????? Manna-seo bangaceumnida (literally, "Since I met you, I'm happy" -ata- "After meeting you I'm happy"). If -ko is used instead it means closer to "I meet you and I'm happy," that is, without any implicit logical connections.
This is a subordinate conjunctive ending and can not (in a more formal register, at least) get their own complete sentence without the addition of a main verb, by default the verb iss ? . Nay ka chef lul mek.ko issta ?? ??? ?? ?? naega gogireul meokko itta because it means "I eat meat." The difference between this and a simple sentence nay ka chef lul meknun ta ?? ??? ??? is similar to the difference in Spanish between "Estoy almorzando" and "Almuerzo," in the sense that compound forms emphasize the continuity of action. Shape -se ? is used with an existential verb iss ? for the perfect. Mwuni yellye issta ?? ?? ?? 'the door has been opened' can be an example, although it will convey a different meaning if the very se is seen, ?? ??? ?? 'because the door is opened, it's there', meaning not clear.
src: www.paradigmbusters.com
See also
- Korean Position
src: i.ytimg.com
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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