The Russian federal subjects , also referred to as the subject of the Russian Federation (Russian: ????????? ?? Rossiyskoy Federatsii ) or just as a federated subject (Russian: ???????????????? subyekty federatsii ), is a constituent entity from Russia, over-level political divisions according to the Constitution Russia. Since March 18, 2014, the Russian Federation has constitutionally made up of 85 federal subjects, although the two most recently added subjects are recognized by most states as part of Ukraine.
According to the Russian Constitution, the Russian Federation consists of republics, krais, oblast, important federal cities, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs, all of which are the same subject of the Russian Federation. Three Russian cities with federal interests (Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol) have separate city and federal statuses composed of other cities and towns (Zelenograd, Troitsk, Kronstadt, Kolpino, etc.) In each federal city - keeping the older postal address structure. In 1993 the Russian Federation comprised 89 federal subjects. In 2008 the number of federal subjects declined to 83 due to multiple mergers. By 2014 Sevastopol and the Crimea Republic were subjected to the 84th and 85th federal federalities of Russia.
Each federal subject has its own head, parliament, and constitutional tribunal. Each federal subject has its own constitution and laws. Subjects have the same rights in relation to federal government agencies. The federal subject has the same representation - two respective delegates - in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. However, they differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy (asymmetric federalism).
The post-Soviet Russia was formed during the history of the Socialist Republican Soviet Soviet Union inside the Soviet Union and was unchanged at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992 during the so-called "sovereign parade", separatist sentiments and the Legal War in Russia, signed the Federation Agreement (Russian: ??????????????? Federativny Dogovor ), builds and manages the composition in present-day Russia, based on the division of authority and power between Russian government agencies and governmental bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Agreement is included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. The current Russian Constitution, adopted by a national referendum on 12 December 1993, entered into force on December 25, 1993 and abolished the model of Soviet government system introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to escape from the state and to the infinite sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice never allowed), which is contrary to the integrity of the state and federal law. The new constitution abolished a number of legal conflicts, reserved regional rights, introduced local self-government and did not grant Soviet-era rights to escape the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a form of republican government in the world. In the 2000s, following the policies of Vladimir Putin and the Russian Unity party (the dominant party in all federal subjects), the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal government. authority.
There are several Russian territorial groupings:
- The federal subject must not be equated with eight federal districts that are not Russian subdivisions - the federal districts are much larger and each includes many federal subjects. The federal district was created by the Executive Order of the President of Russia especially for the presidential envoy.
- The time zone is determined by the Order of the federal government.
- The composition of the district of justice is determined by federal law "In the arbitration tribunal".
- The economic area is managed by the Ministry of Economic Development.
- The Ministry of Defense uses the Military District terminology.
Video Federal subjects of Russia
Terminology
An official translation of the Government of the Russian Constitution in Article 5 states: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays, oblasts, federal city significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, which shall have the same rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."
Another translation of the Russian Constitution gives for article 65: " The Russian Federation includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation: ".
How to translate the Russian term was discussed during the 49th annual Conference of American Translator Conference in Orlando, where Tom Fennel, a freelance translator, argued that the term "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" should be preferred over "subject". This recommendation was also shared by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of the Translation Department, Goltsblat BLP, who in the presentation "Traps & amp; Mishaps in Legal Translation" in Paris stated that " Russian Federation constituent entity is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject will be fine for monarchy) ".
Maps Federal subjects of Russia
Type
Each federal subject includes one of the following types:
List
b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Leningrad Oblast Charter, the governing body of the oblast is located in St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially referred to as an oblast administrative center.
c. ^ According to Article 24 of the Moscow Oblast Charter, the governing body of the oblast is located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially referred to as an oblast administrative center.
d. ^ Not recognized internationally as part of Russia.
e. ^ In February 2000, the previous code 20 for the Chechen Republic was canceled and replaced with code 95. The production of the plate was suspended due to the Chechen War, causing many problems, which in turn forced the region to use the new code.
List of federal subjects
- Russian federal subject list by GRP
- List of Russian federal subjects by substance abuse incident
- List of Russian federal subjects based on per capita GDP
- Russian federal subject list with murder rate
- List of Russian federal subjects based on life expectancy
- List of federal Russian subjects by population
- Russian federal subject list with total fertility rate
- List of Russian federal subjects based on the Human Development Index
- Russian federal subject list based on unemployment rate
- List of current heads of Russian federal subjects
- Forest cover by federal subject in Russia
- ISO 3166-2: RU
Merger
Beginning in 2005, several federal subjects were merged into larger areas. The merger process was completed on March 1, 2008. No new merger has been planned since March 2008.
See also
- Russian subdivision
- Russian federal district
- Russian economic region
- History of Russian administrative division
- Flag of Russian federal subjects
- Republic of the Soviet Union
- Flag of the Soviet Republic
References
Note
Source
- 12 ??????? 1993? A "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? No7 - ??? ?? 30 ??????? 2008? ??????? ? ???? ARE ?? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????: "?????????????", No237, 25 ??????? 1993 ?. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation , as amended by Federal Constitutional Law # 7-FKZ as of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the date of official publication.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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