English compound

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Compound is a word consisting of more than one free morpheme. English, like many others, often uses compounds. English compounds can be classified in several ways, such as word classes or component semantic relationships.

Video English compound

Compound noun

Most of the compound nouns are the noun phrase (ie the nominal phrase) which includes a noun modified by an adjective or an additional noun. Because of England's tendency toward conversion, the two classes are not always easy to distinguish. Most of the compound nouns of more than two words can be recursively constructed by combining two words at a time. Combining "science" and "fiction", and then combining compounds produced with "writers", for example, can build "science fiction writers" compounds. Some compounds, such as salt and pepper or mother of pearl , can not be made in this way,

Type of compound noun

Since English is a largely analytic language, unlike most other Germanic languages, it creates compounds by combining words without a marker of letters. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that written representations of long compounds always contain spaces. Short compounds can be written in three different ways, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, however:

• A "solid" or "closed" shape in which two usually rather short words appear together as one. Solid compounds are most likely composed of short units (monosus one) which has often been fixed in the language for a long time. Examples are housewife , demands , wallpaper , basketball , etc.
• The form is hyphenated in which two or more words are connected by hyphens. Compounds containing affixes, such as build-house (er) and single-minded (ed) (ness) , as well as adjectival adjectives and verb adjectives , such as blue-green and freeze-dried , often hyphenated. Compounds containing articles, prepositions or conjunctions, such as rent-a-cop , mother-of-pearl and salt-and-pepper , also often hyphenated.
• Form of open or space which consists of a combination of words that are usually longer, such as distance learning , player piano i>, grass tennis , etc.

Use in the US and in the UK is different and often depends on individual choice of authors rather than on difficult and fast rules; Therefore, open, hyphenated, and closed forms can be found for the same compound nouns, such as the container container / container ship / containership and particle board / particle board / particle .

In addition to this native English incorporation, there is a classic type, which consists of Latin-derived words, such as horticulture , and Greek words, such as > photography , components that are in bound form (connected by connecting vowels, most often -i - and -o - each in Latin and Greek ) and can not stand alone.

Someone/something is a Y , or ... that does Y , if Y is a verb (with X having some unspecified connection)? This is an endocentric compound.

Can you paraphrase the meaning if a combination of "[X. Y]" to Someone/something with Y , with X having some unspecified connection? It is an eccentric compound.

Eccentric compounds more often appear in adjectives than nouns. V-8 car is a car with a V-8 engine than a car that is a V-8, and > twenty-five cars dollar is a car with worth $ 25 instead of a car that is $ 25. The compound shown here is nude, but more commonly, a suffix morpheme added,. -ed . Therefore, people two feet are people with two legs, and these are eccentric.

On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also often formed, using morphemes suffix -ing or -er/or . An carrier-person is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is something that is the carrier of a person. The related adjectives, car-carrying, also endocentric: refers to an object, which is a carrying item (or equivalent, no take it).

These species are noun compound nouns, but there are other types that are more rare as well. Coordinative , copulative or dvandva combine elements with the same meaning, and their multiple meanings may be generalizations, not specializations. Bosnia-Herzegovina , for example, is a joint territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a bomber-bomber is a fighter that is a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compound repeats a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day by day and go-go are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head.

Analysis can be further limited by cranberry morphemes and semantic changes. For example, the word butterfly , is generally regarded as metathesis for pounding by , perpetrated by a bug, actually based on a bubbe meise that butterflies are tiny magicians who steal butter from the window sills. Cranberry is a translation part of Low German, which is why we can not recognize the cran element (from German Low kraan or kroon , "crane"). The ladybird or ladybug is named after the Christian expression "Our Lady , the Virgin Mary".

In the case of a compound noun noun, the noun may be the subject or object of the verb. In playboy , for example, the noun is the subject of a verb ( play boy ), while it is an object in callgirl ( someone called the girl ).

Voice pattern

Stress patterns can distinguish compounds from noun phrases composed of the same component words. For example, the blackboard board, adjectives plus nouns, is any black board, and has the same pressure on both elements. The whiteboard , on the other hand, though it may have started historically as a blackboard, is now emphasized only on the first element, black . Thus a compound such as the White House usually has a falling intonation where phrases like white house are not.

Maps English compound

Component modifier

English compound converters are built in a way very similar to compound nouns. Blackboard Jungle , remaining materials , gunmetal sheen , and green monkey disease are just a few examples.

The compound converter is a sequence of noun converters that function as a unit. It consists of two or more words (adjective, gerund, or noun) in which the left component modifies the right hand, as in "dark green dress": dark modify green that modify clothes .

Solid compound converters

There are some permanent compound modifiers that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earplitting , eyecatching , and downtown .

However, in English usage, this, apart from city center , is more likely to be written with hyphens: deafening , eye-catching .

Other solid compound converters are for example:

• Countless numbers and have -edited suffixes added: "fifteen folds", "sixfold".
• Compass points: , northwest , northwest , to the northwest . In English usage, the hyphenated and open versions are more common: northwest , northwest , northwest , north- westward .

Hyphenary compound modifiers

The main style guide suggests a dictionary consultation to determine whether the compound converter should be hyphenated; hyphenation dictionary should be followed even when the compound modifiers follow a noun (ie, regardless of whether in attribution or predicative position), since they are permanent compounds (whereas the general rule with temporary compounds is that hyphens are ignored in predicate position because they are used only when necessary to prevent misreading, which is usually only in attribution positions, and even there, on a case-by-case basis).

Generally, a compound converter is hyphenated if a hyphen helps the reader to distinguish the converter of compounds from two adjacent modifiers that modify the nouns separately. Compare the following example:

• "small appliance industry": a small industry that produces equipment
• "small industry": industries that produce small appliances

Dashes are not needed when capitalization or italics make the groupings clear:

• "old English scholar": an English-speaking parent and a scholar, or an old bachelor who learns English
• "Old English Student": an Old English scholar.
• " De facto process " (not " de-facto ")

However, if there is no risk of ambiguity, it can be written without a hyphen: Sunday morning walk .

The hyphenated compound amplifier may have been formed initially by an adjective that precedes the noun, when this phrase in turn precedes another noun:

• "Round table" -> "round table discussion"
• "Blue sky" -> "blue sky law"
• "Red light" -> "red light district"
• "Four wheels" -> "four-wheel drive" (historically, singular or root is used, not plural)

Someone else may come from a verb that precedes the adjective or statement:

• "Feeling happy" -> "feeling good"
• "Buy now, pay later" -> "buy now pay-buy"

Yet others are created with original verbs that precede the foregoing.

• "Stay on" -> "paste label"
• "Walk in" -> "walk-on part"
• "Stand by" -> "stand-by fare"
• "Roll on, roll off" -> "roll-on roll-off ferry"

The following compound modifiers are always hyphenated when not written as one word:

• The adjectives that precede the noun - d or - ed have been added as a past participle construction, used before the noun:
  • "hard hooligan mouth"
  • "middle-aged ladies"
  • "rose colored glasses"
• Nouns, adjectives, or adverbs that precede a participle now:
  • "amazing personality"
  • "long-term affairs"
  • "broad decision"
• The numbers, whether or not spelled out, precede the noun:
  • "seven-year itching"
  • "five sided polygons"
  • "20th century poetry"
  • "30-piece band"
  • "tenth floor window"
  • "a 20-year-old man" (as a compound converter) and "20 years" (as a compound noun) - but "a man, 20 years old"
• Figures with -fold have hyphens ( 15fold ), but when translated require solid construction ( fifteen fold ).
• Number, spelled or not, by adding -odd : sixteen-odd , 70-odd .
• Compound modifiers with high - or low - : "high level discussions", "low price markup".
• Colors in the compound:
  • "dark blue sweater"
  • "reddish orange dress".
• The fraction as a modifier is written with a hyphen: "five eighths of an inch", but if the numerator or denominator has been hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "thirty three thousand parts". (Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: "I only eat a third of the pies.")
• Comparative and superlative in compound words compound words also take hyphens:
  • "the highest placed competitor"
  • "short-term loans"
• However, constructions with some are not hyphenated:
  • "the most respected member".
• Compounds include two geographical modifiers:
  • "Afro-Cuban"
  • "African-American" (sometimes)
  • "Anglo-Indian"
• But not
  • "Central America", which refers to people from a specific geographic area

The following compound modifiers usually do not hyphenate:

• Unadjusted compound converters in a relevant or unambiguous dictionary with no hyphens.
• If there is no risk of ambiguity:
  • "Sunday morning walk"
• Left hand component of a compound converter ending in -ly and modifying the right-hand component that is a past participant (ending - ed ):
  • "hotly debated topics"
  • "highly refined schemes"
  • "distant celebrity"
• Composite modifier that includes comparative and superlative with more , most , less or lowest :
  • "more recent developments"
  • "the most respected members"
  • "less precise moments"
  • "least expected event"
• Compounds that are usually hyphenated with an intensive adverb in front of the adjective:
  • "greatly admired classics"
  • "very well received proposal"

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Using a bunch of compound nouns containing the same "head"

Special rules apply when multiple compound nouns with the same "head" are used together, often with conjunctions (and with dashes and commas if required).

• The third and fourth grade teachers meet with parents.
• Full-time and full-time employees will earn gains this year.
• We do not see many 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds around here.

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Verb compound

The verb verb usually consists of a preposition and a verb, though other combinations also exist. The verb compound was first used in publications in Grattan and Gurrey Our Living Language (1925).

From a morphological point of view, some compound verbs are difficult to analyze because some derivations make sense. Blacklist , for example, can be analyzed as a verbal verb compound, or as an adjective noun noun which becomes a verb by means of zero derivation. Most plural verbs initially have the collective meaning of the two components, but some of them then get additional meaning that can replace the original meaning that comes up. Therefore, sometimes the resulting meaning seems to be almost unrelated to the original contributor.

Verbs composed of nouns and verbs are relatively rare, and noun is generally not a direct object of the verb. In English, compounds like * toast or * car-drive do not exist. However, we found literal action words, such as nursing , and washing instructions on clothes such as washing hands .

Hyphenation

The verb compound with a syllable modifier is solid, or not diphenfatkan. Those who have longer modifiers may initially hyphenate, but when they become established, they become solid, for example,

• overhang (from the UK)
• counterattack (Latin origin)

There is a tendency in the 18th century to use hyphens excessively, that is, to hyphenate all verbs of previously formed solid compounds. American English, however, has reduced the use of hyphens, while English English is more conservative.

Verbs verb

The English syntax distinguishes between phrasal verbs and adverbial adjuncts. Consider the following sentence:

I raised my hand implies that I lift my hand.

I withhold the negotiation implies that I postpone the negotiation.

I hold the bank to the highest standard implies that I sue the behavior of the bank related model.

I hold the bank implies either (a) that I robbed the bank or (b) I lifted up bank (toy).

Each of the above sentences implies a contextually distinguishable meaning from the word, "rises," but the fourth sentence may differ syntactically, depending on whether it means (a) or (b). In particular, the first three sentences make lift as a phrasal verb expressing an idiomatic, figurative, or metaphoric meaning that depends on the contextual meaning of the particle, "out." The fourth sentence, however, ambiguously makes rise either as (a) a particle completing "held," or as (b) a modifying statement "held." Ambiguity is minimized by rewriting and giving more context to the sentence being discussed:

I hold my hand up implies that I lift my hand.

I make negotiations up implies that I postpone negotiations.

I holding rising banks to the highest standard implies that I expect the behavior of a bank related model.

holding bank above upstairs implies that I robbed the bank upstairs.

holding the bank up the stairs implies that I revoke the bank (toys) along the route upstairs.

Thus, the fifth sentence makes "up" as the headword of the adverbial prepositional prepositional phrase, the verb, held . The first four sentences remain the phrasal verb.

The Oxford English Grammar (ISBNÃ, 0-19-861250-8) distinguishes seven types of phrasal verbs in English:

• intransitive phrasal verbs (eg surrender )
• transitive phrasal verbs (eg find out [ find ])
• prepositional monotransitive verbs (eg pay attention [ care for ])
• verb twice transpositive transposition (eg blame [something] on [someone])
• copular preposisional verbs. (e.g. works as )
• phrasal-prepositional monotransitive verbs (e.g. look to [ respect ])
• the transitive double prepositional verbs (eg give something to someone attribute ])

English has a number of other compound verb idioms. There is a compound verb with two verbs (eg make do ). It can also take idiomatic prepositions (eg get rid of ). There is also an idiomatic combination of verbs and adjectives (eg materialized , rage ) and verbs and adverbs ( make sure ), verbs and fixed nouns (eg go ape ); and this, too, may have a fixed idiomatic preposition (eg taking place on ).

Abuse of terms

"Compound verb" is often used in lieu of:

1. "complicated verbs", a complicated phrase. But this usage is not accepted in linguistics, because "combined" and "complex" are not the same.
2. "verb phrase" or "verbal phrase". This is partially, but not completely, wrong use. The verb phrasal can be a one-word verb, the compound verb is a type. However, many phrasal verbs are multi-word.
3. "phrasal verb". Sub-type of verb phrase, which has the particles as words before or after the verb.

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See also

• Metaphor
• Verbs verb
• Portmanteau
• syllable abbreviation

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Note

Source of the article : Wikipedia