In linguistics, the term nominal refers to the category used for grouping together nouns and adjectives by mutual property. The motivation for nominal clustering is that in many languages ​​the noun and adjective have a number of morphological and syntactic properties. Systems used in the language to indicate agreement can be broadly classified as gender systems, class noun systems or case markers, classifier systems, and mixed systems. Usually affix associated with the noun appears to be attached to another part of the speech in the sentence to create the agreement. Such a morphological agreement usually occurs in the passages in a noun phrase, such as a determinator and an adjective. Languages ​​with nominal open agreements vary in terms and extent to which approval is required.
Video Nominal (linguistics)
Histori
The history of research on nominals dates back to European studies in Latin and Bantu where agreements between nouns and adjectives correspond to class words objects can be viewed openly.
Latent grammar trader
In the study of European languages, the recognition of the nominal group is reflected in the study of traditional grammar based on Latin, which has a very productive labeling system. Nominal can be seen in shared morphemes attached to the ends of the noun and adjective and agree in terms and gender. In the example below, 'boys' and 'fine' agree in the case of nominative because they are the subject of the sentence and at the same time they agree in gender because the end is masculine. Likewise, 'dogs' and 'wild' have the same morphemes that show they agree in accusative and masculine gender cases. In Latin agreement it goes beyond the noun and adjective . Traditional grammar assistant
The earliest studies of the class noun were conducted in 1659 in the Bantu language, and the study to this day has only modified slightly. This change begins with Wilhelm Bleek Ancient Help causing Proto-Bantu. The following example is from Double Help. For the nominal class in Bantu, see below.
Maps Nominal (linguistics)
The word class theory
Although much of the research on nominals focuses on their morphological and semantic properties, syntactically nominals can be regarded as "super categories" that include heads noun and adjectives i> head. This explains why languages ​​that use the open agreement feature have approval in adjectives and nouns .
Chomsky Analysis
In Chomsky's analysis of 1970 [Ã, Â ± V, Ã, Â ± N], words with the "plus noun " feature that is not a verb "minus verb ", predicted to noun , while words with the" plus verb " and" minus nouns "feature are words work . Following from this, when a word has both the characteristics of the noun and the verb we get the adjective. When a word does not have one feature, one logically gets a preposition.
The following tree indicates that the [N] category groups the words nouns and .
This shows the English language characteristic of nominals at the syntactic level because noun and adjectives take the same complement at the head level. Likewise, the verb and foreground take the same type of complement at the head level. This parallel distribution is predicted by the lexical items feature distribution.
Cross-linguistic evidence
Slavic languages ​​
In Russia, the nominal category contains nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numbers. These categories share feature cases, gender, and numbers each of which is reflected with different suffixes. Nominal is seen as a change of secondary agreement. Understanding different noun classes and how they relate to gender and number is important because the approval of the adjective will change depending on the type of noun.
Example of nominal predicate:
'That girl is so pretty' ??????? ????? ?????? -?
Semantic semantic classes 1-5
Although there is no complete agreement on categorizing a noun class in Russian, the general view breaks the noun class into five categories or classes, each of which gets different affixes depending on sex, letters and numbers.
Noun class 1 refers to mass nouns, collective nouns, and abstract nouns.
example: ???? 'water', ?????? 'love'
Noun class 2 refers to items that the eye can focus on and must be inactive
example: ??? 'home', ????? 'school'
Noun class 3 refers to the non-active humans.
example: ???? 'fish', ????? 'seagull'
Class 4 refers to non-female humans.
example: ???? 'father,' ???? 'man
Noun Class 5 refers to a human being.
example: ??????? "woman", ???? 'mother'
Duplex noun class
The Declensional class refers to a form of semantics.
Morphological evidence: Russian language
Nouns and adjectives change for case and gender.
In Russia, nominals occur when:
- The non-personal adjectives and pronouns take the same agreement with their references
- Personal pronoun agrees with the natural gender of the referral
Case
- Nominative: reveals the subject
- Accusative: declares a direct object
- Genitive: express ownership; negative; and partitive
- Dative: declares an indirect object
- Locative: expresses the locational meaning
- Instrumental: states intent
Genders and classes
Russia has three types of grammatical: masculine, feminine, and neutral. Gender and class are closely related in that the noun class will reflect the nominal nominal gender to be gained. Reflecting gender in Russian is usually limited to a single form with multiple exceptions in the plural. Gender is reflected both on nouns and adjectives or pronouns. Nominal gender is clearly reflected in the anaphora and relative pronouns because even if there is no explicit inflection on the noun they inherit the animacy, gender and number from their predecessors.
Affixes that identify one sex
Affixes are associated with two genders
Numbers
Russian has two numbers: singular and plural. The numbers are attached to the noun so that it is reflected by the inflections of the nouns and nominators who approve it as attribution, relative and relative pronouns. There are only singular and plural changes between semantic classes 2-5 because class 1 does not distinguish between one or more than one.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with gender, letters and numbers and consequently correspond to the noun class.
The basic inflectional pattern of short form
Bahasa Australia
Nominal is a common feature of Indigenous Australian languages, many of which do not categorically distinguish the noun from adjectives.
Some feature nominations in several Australian languages ​​include:
- the ability to mark grammatical cases,
- the ability to function substantively (noun phrase head), and
- ability to function predictive (other modifications nominal).
Morphological evidence: Australia
- Mayali has four major noun class prefixes attached to items in nominal phrases: masculine, feminine, vegetable, and neutral.
An example of a paradigm is given below, adapted from. One can see that each nominal morpheme in each class is attached to both nouns and adjectives.
Language Help
The nominal structure is also found in the Bantu language. These languages ​​are subset of the Niger-Congo language in Africa. There are about 250 different Bantu varieties. In this language, nouns are historically classified into specific groups based on common characteristics. For example, nouns 1 and 2 represent the human and other living things, while the nouns 11 represent the long object object, and the abstract noun.
Language Help use different combinations of about 24 different Proto-Bantu noun classes. The language with the highest number of documented classes noun is Double, which uses 21 of the 24 noun classes. It ranges to zero, which is the case in Komo D23, whose class system has faded over time. Languages ​​that have about six classes paired to singular and plural and about six other uncoupled classes (such as infinitive and locative classes) are classified as canonical class system noun , systems with many nouns > class. This system is much more typical of the Bantu language than its alternatives, lessened classroom noun systems, such as Komo D23 and other languages ​​that have a limited noun class.
Morphological evidence: Help
A common feature of the Bantu language is the nominal gender grade agreement. This agreement can also be described as a broad concordance system. For each noun class, there is a corresponding gender class prefix. The nominal gender prefix is ​​shown below, with the prefix "Proto-Bantu" (ie historical) on the left side, and modern Sesotho prefix on the right side. Notice that modern Sesotho has lost many classes of nouns . This is also typical of many other Bantu languages.
As can be seen in the table above, in the Sesotho Bantu variety (pronounced primarily in South Africa) there are about 15 prefix nominal gender classes. In this language, nouns and adjectives have the same gender prefix. The adjective takes pre-prefix besides the main prefix. The main prefix (the closest to the adjective, which is bold in the example below) agrees with the prefix attached to the noun, while the pre'-prefix is ​​not always in accordance with the noun.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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