In grammar, the intransitive verb does not allow direct objects. This differs from the transitive verb, which takes one or more objects. The verb property is called transitivity. The intransitive verb can often be identified as a verb that can not be followed by "who" or "what".
Video Intransitive verb
Example
In the following sentence, the verb is used without a direct object:
- "I sneeze ."
- "My dog ​​ ran ."
- "When he finish the race, he throws ."
- "Water evaporates when it's hot."
- "You've grown since you last saw you!"
- "I wonder how old I was when I died ."
The following sentences contain a transitive verb (they take one or more objects):
- "We watched the movie last night."
- "He ate popcorn ."
- "When I say that, my brother hit me me ."
- "Santa give my gift ."
- "He's continuously clicking the questioner and that's so annoying to me."
Some verbs allow for objects but do not always need them. Such verbs can be used as intransitive in one sentence, and as transitive in one sentence:
In general, intransitive verbs often involve the term weather, unintentional processes, circumstances, bodily functions, motion, action process, cognition, sensation, and emotion.
Maps Intransitive verb
Operation change-time
Valence of the verb is related to transitivity. Where the transitivity of the verb simply considers the object, the verb valence considers all arguments taken by the verb, including the subject of the verb and all objects.
It is possible to change the transitivity of the verb, and in doing so to change the valence.
In languages ​​that have a passive voice, the transitive verb in the active voice becomes intransitive in passive form. For example, consider the following sentence:
- David hugged Mary.
In this phrase, "hugging" is a transitive verb that takes "Mary" as its object. Sentence can be made passive with direct object "Mary" as the following grammatical subject:
- Mary hugged.
This shift is called the promotion of the object.
Passive-sound construction can not pick up objects. Passive sentences can be continued with the agent:
- Mary was hugged by David.
Can not proceed with the direct object to be taken by "hugged." For example, it will not write "Mary hugged her daughter" to show that Mary and her daughter share a hug.
Intransitive verbs can be made passive in several languages. In English, intransitive verbs can be used in a passive voice when prepositional phrases are inserted, as in, "The houses are inhabited by millions of people."
Some languages, like the Netherlands, have impersonal passive sounds that allow intransitive verbs that do not have prepositional phrases to be passive. In Germany, sentences like "Sleeping Children" can be made passive to remove the subject and will be "It sleeps". However, there are no additions like "... by children" that might occur in such a case.
In a language with ergative-absolute alignment, a passive voice (in which the object of the transitive verb becomes the subject of the intransitive verb) is absurd, since the noun associated with an intransitive verb is marked as an object, not as a subject. On the contrary, these often have an antipassive voice. In this context, the subject of the transitive verb is promoted to the "object" of the corresponding intransitive verb. In the context of nominative-accusative languages ​​like English, this promotion does not make sense because intransitive verbs do not take objects, they take the subject, and so the subject of a transitive verb ("I" in embrace it i>) is also the subject of intransitive passive construction ( I am embraced by it ). But in an ergative-absolutive language like Dyirbal, "I" in transitive embracing it will take an ergative case, but "I" in embraced will take the absolute, and by analogy antipassive construction more like * hug me . So in this example, the ergative is promoted to the absolutive, and the agent (ie he ), previously marked by the absolutive, is removed to form an antipassive sound (or marked in different ways, in the same way that in English passive voice can still be determined as an agent of action using by in i embraced by him - for example, Dyirbal puts agent in dative case, and Basque maintains agent in absolutive).
Ambitransitivity
In many languages, there is an "ambitransitive" verb, which can be either transitive or intransitive. For example, English play is ambitransitive, because it is the grammar to say His son is playing , and also grammatical to say His son is playing the guitar . English is somewhat flexible with regard to verb valence, and therefore has a large number of ambitransitive verbs; other languages ​​are more rigid and require explicit operating changes (voice, causative morphology, etc.) to transform the verb from intransitive to transitive or vice versa.
In some ambitransitive verbs, called ergative verbs, syntax of syntactic arguments with interchangeable semantic roles. An example of this is the verb break in English.
- (1) He broke the cup .
- (2) Cup broke.
In (1), the verb is transitive, and the subject is agent of the action, ie the offending actor of the trophy. In (2), the verb is intransitive and the subject is the patient of the action, that is the thing influenced by the action, not the one doing that. In fact, the patient is the same in both sentences, and sentence (2) is an implicit middle sound example. This is also referred to as anticausative .
Other interchangeable intransitive verbs in English are change and drown .
In Roman, this verb is often called pseudo-reflexive , because these words are marked in the same way as the reflexive verb, using the clit particles se . Compare the following (in Spanish):
- (3a) La taza se rompiÃÆ'³. ("Cup broke.")
- (3b) El barco se hundiÃÆ'³. ("The boat is shipwrecked.")
- (4a) Ella se mirÃÆ'³ en el espejo. ("He saw himself in the mirror.")
- (4b) El gato se lava. ("The cat washes itself.")
Sentences (3a) and (3b) show the romantic pseudo-reflexive phrase, corresponding to the English alternative intransitive. As in Crackers , they are inherently devoid of agents; their inner structure is not and can not contain one. The action is not reflexive (as in (4a) and (4b)) because it is not done by the subject; it just happened. Therefore, this is not the same as the passive voice, in which the intransitive verb phrase appears, but there is an implicit agent (which can be made explicit using complementary phrases):
- (5) The cup is broken (by child).
- (6) El bar-co fue hundido (por piratas). ("The boat was drowned (by pirates).")
Other ambitransitive verbs (such as eating ) are not the back and forth type; the subject is always an agent of action, and the object is only optional. Some verbs of both types at once, like read : compare I read , read magazines , and this magazine reads easily .
Some languages ​​like Japan have different verb forms to indicate transitivity. For example, there are two verb forms "to start":
- (7) ??????? ( Kaigi ga hajimaru. "The meeting starts.")
- (8) ?????????? ( Kaicho ga kaigi o hajimeru. "The President started the meeting.")
In Japanese, the verb form shows the number of arguments the sentence needs to possess.
Unaccusative and unergative verbs
Especially in some languages, it makes sense to classify intransitive verbs as:
- not informative when the subject is not an agent; that is, it does not actively initiate the action of the verb (eg "dead", "fall").
- Unaccusative verbs are usually used to display action or movement.
- Example:
- I arrived at a party around 8 o'clock.
- Did you know what time the flight left ?
- How did the disease spread to this city very quickly?
- I sit on the train.
- I had a car accident and someone else appeared where not.
- Example:
- Unaccusative verbs are usually used to display action or movement.
- not active when they have an agent subject.
- Example:
- I will exit my position at the bank.
- I have to run six miles in the morning.
- Will you talk to your child about sex before or after their teen?
- Ice cream tray frozen solid .
- Example:
This difference may be in some cases reflected in grammar, in which for example different auxiliary verbs can be used for two categories.
Equalize object
In many languages, including English, some or all intransitive verbs can take intentional objects - objects formed from the same root as the verb itself; for example, the verb sleep is usually intransitive, but it can be said, "He sleeps with a troubled sleep", which means "He sleeps, and his sleep is disturbed."
Other languages ​​
In Pingelapese, the Micronesian language, the sentence structure of the intransitive verb is often used, with no embedded object. There must be a stative or active verb to have an intransitive sentence. The stative verb has a person or object directly affected by the verb. Active verbs have direct action performed by the subject. The sequence of words most often associated with intransitive sentences is the subject-verb. However, the verb-subject is used if the verb is not acceptative or by pragmatic discourse.
In Tokelua, noun phrases used with verbs are needed when verbs are placed in groups. Verbs are divided into two major groups.
Each verbal sentence must have that structure, containing a single noun phrase, without a preposition, called an unmarked noun phrase. Only if the ko phrase precedes the predicate, the rule can be ignored. [6] An agent is what the language speakers call a verb. [6] If the noun phrase beginning with the preposition e can express the agent, and the person accepting or thing the agent is doing the verb action to be expressed by a single noun phrase that is lacking a preposition, or an unmarked noun phrase, the verb is then considered transitive. [6] All other verbs are considered intransitive. [6]
See also
- Transitivity (grammatical category)
- Transitive verbs
- Verbs
- Transitive verbs
- Valence (linguistic)
- Morphosyntactic alignment
- English passive voice
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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