French personal pronouns

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The French pronoun (analogous to my English , us , you , and so on) reflects the person and number their references, and in the case of a third person, of the same sex (very similar to the English difference between he and him , except that France draws this distinction between the nouns too). They also reflect the role they play in their clause: subject, direct object, indirect object, or other.

Personal pronouns display a number of grammatical and complication specificities not found in their English: some of them can only be used in certain circumstances; some of them change shape depending on the surrounding words; and their placement is largely unrelated to the placement of the nouns they replace.

Video French personal pronouns

Overview

1. je , me , te , se , le , and la to j ', m' , t ', s' , l ', and l' each before the vowel or mute h . See Elision (France).
2. The pronoun il and its form refers to a man (such as "he"), while the pronoun elle and his form refers to women (such as English " he" ). However, since all French nouns (even inanimate and intangible objects) are either grammatically masculine or feminine, this pronoun can also refer to masculine and feminine nouns. In this case, both il and elle translate to the English pronoun "it". Il can then be used as a direct English equivalent of "that" to refer to non-specific neutral things like facts and ideas (eg Il pleut - " The rain ).
3. In formal French, the pronouns in are often replaced by l'on after vowels (especially after et, ou, qui, que, quoi and si ); in particular, formal French often supersedes si in and qu'on with the l'on and que l'on >, respectively. It does not affect the meaning, just the pronunciation. In modern French, on has replaced nous as the pronoun for the plural first person. Nous is used in formal use.
4. In French, groups containing at least one male or one masculine noun are considered masculine, and take the pronoun ils . Only groups of women or women receive elles .
5. Generally, lui and leur are used to refer people, and y (see below) are used to refer things. Lui and leur , however, will sometimes also be used to refer things.

Second person

France has a T-V distinction in a single second person. That is, it uses two different sets of pronouns: tu and vous and its various shapes. The pronoun tu is informal and single, spoken to an equal or junior individual to the speaker. The pronoun vous is used in a single form (but with a second-person verb form) to talk to the senior individual to the speaker or socially "more important" than the speaker. Vous is also used in plural form for all groups of people, either junior, same or senior.

Maps French personal pronouns

Subject pronoun

As mentioned above, personal pronouns change their form to reflect the roles they play in their clauses. The form used for the subject is called subject pronouns , subjective pronouns , or nominative pronouns . They are as follows:

When the predicate is ÃÆ'ªtre ("to") plus the noun phrase, the pronoun ce ( c ' in the elision context) is usually used instead of the subject pronoun other third person. For example, Ã,  «C'est un homme intelligentÃ,» ("He is an intelligent man"), Ã,  ¬ sont mes parent »(" They are my parents "). Ce is mainly used as a "neutral" pronoun to refer to events and situations: Ã,  «J'ai vu Jean hier. C'ÃÆ'  © tait amusant.Ã,  »," I saw John yesterday.It's fun. "

Active

The subject pronoun in (from the Old French [h] om, homme "human", from the Latin homo "human") is equivalent to unlimited English pronoun one , you , and them (as in, "People love to see...", "You do not ever know what will... ", and" They speak French in... "). It takes a single third person verb form in the same way as il and elle do, and is used:

• In the same way as English "one", "you" and "them", where the subject is generalized or unclear or unimportant:

Ã,  «C'est en forgeant qu ' on devient.Ã,» "This with a blacksmith who < b> one become a blacksmith. "

Ã,  «penser qu ' on a raisonÃ,» "to think you're right," that is "to think> yourself is correct. "

• As an extension of the above, it is often used to avoid passive voice in French:

In I'm a donnÃÆ' Â ©.Ã, Ã, Â »" [Someone] gave it to me. " English, it would be more common to say, "It was given to me.", Which will be translated as Ã, Â «ÃÆ'â €? A/il/elle m'a ÃÆ' Â © tÃÆ' Â © donnÃÆ' Â © (e ).Ã, Â » in French.

• To replace the subject pronoun nous in an informal conversation. In this case, on takes a plural adjective, though it always requires a single third person verb. The pronoun reflexive object, se , is also a third person, but the first possessive pronoun must be used when on which means nous is preceded. The corresponding additional pronoun in this context is nous .

Ã, Â «Ã, At est sur le point de partir.Ã,» "We will leave." Ã, Â «Ã, , at est amÃÆ' Â © ricain s , et vous, vous ÃÆ'ªtes franÃÆ'§ais.Ã,» "We, we are Americans, and you, you French."

Ã, In se dÃÆ' Â © barrasse de nos bagagesÃ,? Ã, Â »" Are we going to get rid of our luggage? "/Dd>

This never is used for the number one , or as in one of them . As in English, numbers can be used as a pronoun, and this also applies to the French un (e) :

 «Deux sont entrÃÆ' © s et un est ressortiÃ,» "Two in and out again."

On has a limited pronoun form: it has only a reflexive form, se , and a disjunctive form soi (which is also used only when the meaning is reflexive ). The pronoun quelqu'un ("someone") can sometimes be used to fill the role on :

Ã, Quelqu'un m'a dit... Ã, Ã, Â »" Someone told me... "

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Instant object pronoun

Like English he , he , it , and them , pronounced le , la , and les are only used with definitive direct objects . For an unlimited (e.g., "Juice"), en is used; see "Alternate en " below.

Le , la and les are not used when the object directly refers to the same entity as the subject; see the section on the reflexive pronoun, below.

Example:

• (I have a book.) I gave it to his teacher. Ã, Â «Je le donne au prof.Ã,» Â »
• (Danielle is my sister.) Have you ever seen her ? Ã,  «Est-ce que tu l ' as vueÃ,? Ã, »

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indirect object pronoun

In France, the indirect object is the object of a verb introduced using the preposition (especially the preposition ÃÆ' ). For example, in the sentence Ã,  J'ai parlÃÆ'  © ÃÆ' Jean Ã, »(" I speak with Jean "), Jean is an indirect object in France sentence.

Indirect object pronouns (or pronouns of strangers ) generally only replace indirect objects with the preposition ÃÆ' . When an object's noun is not directly used, it replaces the entire prepositional phrase; for example, Ã, Â «Je lui ai donnÃÆ' Â © un livreÃ,» ("I gave him the book)".

In general, lui and leur are used to refer people, and y (see "Alternate y bottom) is used to refer things. However, lui and leur will sometimes also be used to refer to things.

Lui , leur and y replaced with se ( s' before vowels) when the object does not directly refer to the same entity as the subject; see the section on the reflexive pronoun below.

As mentioned above, indirect object pronouns are always used to replace indirect objects:

• They are not used when prepositions are de rather than ÃÆ' ; but see the section in the en pronoun, below.
• Some verbs are incompatible with indirect object pronouns, such as pencils ("thinking") and all reflexive verbs. For example, someone says, â € Å"Je me fie ÃÆ' luiÃ, »(" I put my trust in him "), not Ã, « Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Je me lui fieÃ, Ã, ».

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Reflexive pronouns

In French, as in English, reflex pronouns are used instead of direct and indirect object pronouns referring to the same entity or entity as the subject. Verbs with reflexive pronouns are called reflexive verbs , and have many grammatical specifications apart from the choice of pronoun; see the French verb.

There are four types of reflexive verbs:

1. Verbs that are inherently reflexive. For example, the verb se souvenir ("remember") has no non-reflexive counterpart; verbs souvenir have no meaning of their own.
2. Verbs that objects directly or indirectly refer to the same entity as the subject. For example, Ã, â € Å"Je m'achÃÆ'¨terai celaÃ, »(" I will buy myself that ") is just a special case of Ã, Â" Je lui achÃÆ'¨terai celaÃ, »(" I will buy it ") it happens to be reflexive.
3. Verbs that show mutual actions. For example,  «Il Il se par» means "They talk to each other." In the case of possible ambiguity, reciprocal interpretation can be strengthened by adding  «Il Il se parlent l'un ÃÆ' l'autre Ã, ».
4. Verbs that indicate passive action. For example, one might say, Ã,  «La porte s'ouvreÃ,», which literally means, "The door is open by itself," but really means, "The door is open."

The four types use reflexive pronouns, and show the grammatical specificity of the reflexive verb.

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The pronoun is disjunctive

Indirect word pronoun is a strong French pronoun form, forms used in isolation and in firm position (compare my use in English sentence "I, I believe you, but I'm not sure others will "; for more, see Intensive pronouns).

In French, disjunctive pronouns are used in the following situations:

• as the object of the preposition: Ã, Â «Je le fais pour toi Ã,», "I did it for you ."
• in a dislocated position: Ã, Â «Ã, Toi , je t'ai dÃÆ' Â © jÃÆ' vu, moi .Ã,», " You , I have seen you before, I have . "
• in the slit sentence: Ã, Â «C'est toi qui as tortÃ,», "That is you are wrong." is on. "This is you who have errors/errors."
• in the noun phrase compound: Ã, Â «Ã, Lui et moi sommes amÃÆ' Â © ricainsÃ,», " Dia and I is an American "(though one might say," Lui et moi, nous sommes amÃÆ' Â © ricains/on est amÃÆ' Â © ricainsÃ, Â »).
• they are used as a resolute subject (only for third person): Ã, Â «<< b> Lui sait le faireÃ,», " He know how to do it "(though people might say the same, Ã, « Lui, il sait le faireÃ, Â »).

The reflexive disipulsive form soi can be used as a preposition object, if it refers to the same entity as the subject. For example,  «Ã, Un voyageur sait se sentir chez soi n'importe oÃÆ'¹Ã, Ã,», "Travelers know how to feel at home anywhere." Note that this does not not create a reflexive verb.

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Pronoun y

The pronoun y has two different uses:

• This is an indirect object pronoun used with things introduced by the preposition ÃÆ' . For more information on using this, see above.
• This is used to replace the spatial preposition phrase. In this sense, it may be translated as there . As an example:

  Ã, Â «Je vais ÃÆ' Paris .Ã, Ã, » -> Ã, Â «J ' y vais.Ã,» ("I'm going to go to Paris ." -> "I'll be there .")

  Ã, Â «Est-ce que tu travailles dans ce bureau Ã,? - Non, je n ' y travaille plus.Ã, Â »(" Are you working in that office? - No, I do not work there </b> again. ")

• This is used idiomatically with certain verbs, without changing anything:

  Ã,  «Il doit y avoir une erreur.Ã,» ("There must be a mistake.")

  Ã, Â «A start ÃÆ' y voir un peu plus clair.Ã, Ã, » ("I start seeing things more clearly.")

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Pronoun en

The pronoun en has the following usability:

• This is an indirect object pronoun used with things (including infinitives) that are introduced by the preposition de . Sometimes it is also used in the same way as people (however, it is more common to use disjunctive pronouns instead of using en in the case of people).

  Ã, Â Je Je parle du problÃÆ'¨me .Ã, Ã, Â »-> Ã, Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â < Ã, Â »(" I'm talking about a problem. . "->" I'm talking about it . ")

  Ã,  Je Je parle de Jean .Ã, Ã, »-> Ã, « J ' en parle.Ã, Ã, »< "I'm talking about Jean." -> "I'm talking about him." "I'm talking about him." )

• This is used to replace the spatial prepositional phrase introduced by de ("from"). In this sense, it may be translated as from there :

  Ã,  «Je viens de France .Ã, Ã,» -> Ã,  «J ' en viens.Ã,» ("I came from France ." -> "I came from there .")

• This is a direct object pronoun used to replace an infinite direct object; ie, a direct object that:
  • introduced by partitive articles (including indeterminate articles)

    Ã,  «J'ai bu du jus de pomme .Ã, Ã, » -> Ã,  «J ' en ai bu.Ã, Ã,  »(" I drink apple juice . "->" I drank some . ")

  • introduced by de when the verb is negated

    Ã,  «Je n'ai pas vu de vaches .Ã, Ã,» -> Je n ' en ai pas vu. ("I do not see any cow." -> "I do not see any .")

  • introduced by numbers (including single unlimited articles) or multiple expressions ( d'autres , certains , quelques )

    Ã,  J J'ai mangÃÆ'  © une pomme .Ã, »-> « J ' en ai mangÃÆ'  © une .Ã,  »(" I eat an apple . "->" I eat one . ")

    Ã,  J J'ai mangÃÆ'  © quelques pommes .Ã, »-> J ' en ai mangÃÆ'  © quelques-unes . ("I eat some apples." -> "I eat some of them .")

  • introduced by another quantity expression (usually the description de )

    Ã,  J J'ai vendu beaucoup de jus de pomme .Ã, Ã,  »-> Ã, « J ' en ai vendu beaucoup .Ã, Ã,  »(" I sell lots of apple juice . "->" I sell lots . ")

    Ã, Â «J'ai achetÃÆ' Â © trois kilograms de pommes .Ã,» -> Ã, Â «J ' id ai achetÃÆ'Â © < i> trois kilograms .Ã, Â »(" I bought three pounds of apple . "->" I bought three kilograms . ")

• This is used idiomatically with certain verbs, without changing anything:

  Ã,  J J ' en veux ÃÆ' Jean.Ã, »(" I'm mad at Jean. ")

  Ã,  «Je vais en finir avec lui.Ã,» ("I will solve it with him.")

Cliche order

The French pronouns, apart from their disjunctive forms, are all clans, and the pronominal clitics and clitic negative sequences are strictly defined as follows. Only one clause can be used for each slot. Where someone wants to express an idea that will involve slots that can not coexist or multiple pronouns from the same slot, the object is not directly declared as an object ÃÆ' or pour (thus Je me donne ÃÆ' toi - "I surrender to you"). The use of more than two clitics outside the subject and, where necessary, ne is uncommon; constructions such as Je lui y ai donnÃÆ'Â © may be considered unacceptable, and other constructs should then be used to express the same idea.

Proclitic order

Slots 3 and 5 can not coexist.

Enclitic order

Used only for positive commands. Slots 2 and 3 can not coexist.

1. The -moi and -toi fields become -m ' and -t' each when followed by -en or -y . In French everyday language, however, it is possible to keep -moi and -toi intact and to change -en and -y to -z-en and -zy , or placing slot 5 before slot 3, or less commonly, before slot 1 or 2.

   ex. The imperative sentence corresponding to  « Tu m'en donnes Ã,»:

   Ã,  «Donne-m'en.Ã,» /d? n.m ??/ (formal)

   Ã,  «Ã, Donne-moi-z-en.Ã,» /d? n.mwa.z ??/ (not formal)

   Ã,  «Donnes-en-moi.Ã,» /d? nz ??.mwa/ (informal)

See also

• French pronoun

References

Source of the article : Wikipedia