Infinitive (Ancient Greek)

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Infinitive Ancient Greece is an endless non-endless verb form for people, numbers, tense and moods (for a general introduction in Ancient Greek infinitive grammar formation and morphology see here and for more information see this table). It is used primarily to express general actions, situations and "affairs of affairs" that depend on other forms of verbs, usually limited. It is a non-declinable nominal verb form that is equivalent to a noun, and expresses an abstract verbal idea; used as a noun in its primary usage, it has many properties, as will be seen below, but it differs from several aspects:

(a) When used without articles, and in its primary usage (subject/object), it can usually only be equivalent to a nominative or accusative case; used with articles, perhaps in any case (nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative).

(b) It shows morphological formations according to aspect, sound (active, middle, passive) and tense (only infinitive future).

(c) This preserves some features of oral syntax: it regulates the same oblique case (its object) as a verb, and may have its own subject, in the case of the accusative (see the accusative and infinitive sections below).

(d) This is modified by adverbials and not by adjectives.

Video Infinitive (Ancient Greek)

Usage

Ancient Greece has both (a) infinitives with articles (articular infinitive), eg ?? ??????? "doing wrong, making mistakes" and (b) infinitive without articles, eg ??????? "to make a mistake".

Infinitive with article

The infinitive articular corresponds to a cognate noun verbal noun. This is preceded by a single neutral article ( ?? , ??? , ?? , < span lang = "grc" title = "Ancient Greek Text" xml: lang = "grc"> ?? ) and has the character and function of the noun and verbal form. It can be used in any case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative) and thus participates in constructs like other nouns: can be subjects, objects (direct or indirect), predictive (rarely) expression, or may also serve as apposition; it may have an adnominal (for example being in a genitive construction as a possessive or positive genitive, etc.) or adverbial use (eg, can form genitals that indicate a cause, etc.); it may form a call (in poetry); it can also be a complement (object) of the preposition in the oblique case and shows many adverbial relationships; Finally, if in the case of genitive, it can indicate a goal, more than a negative one.

?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. (Infinitive articular ??????????? is somehow equivalent to the noun ? ???????? < i> "in violation of the law" , and here in the nominative case serves as the subject of the verb ????? "seems, considered" )

To break the law (= unlawful acts) against a herald and against an ambassador is considered by all other men to be indecent.

????? ???? ?? ??????? (as nominal nominal predicate), ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. (as a nominative aposition for the demonstrative pronoun ????? )

This is (definition) injustice : to search to have more than anyone else.

??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? . (as a complement to the dative verb ????????? )

Seeing that the lawful gets richer than the lawless, many, even if they are greedy for profit, are very easy to survive in not doing unfair acts .

???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? grc "> ??? , signifies the cause)

He is proud for being able to speak (=... in his ability to speak)

?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? [...] ???? ??? ?????. ( ???????? is the subject of the verb ????? and ? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????> ??????? )

Wrong deeds are not only based on conventions more than suffering, but also by nature.

????????? ???????? ??? ????????... ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????. (as genitive destination)

? talante fortified by the Athenians... to prevent the raging pirates of Euboea.

In all the preceding sections, articular infinitive is present in the tense rods today; but this is by no means a rule, as it can be used in a tense rod, which shows various aspect differences (for more details see below discussion of current dynamic infinitives and AORIST).

Infinitive without articles

Infinitives without articles are of two kinds and have two discrete uses: infinitive dynamic and infinitive declarative . Traditionally they are said to be used not in indirect discourse and in indirect discourses respectively, but this terminology is misleading; for infinitives of both types can be used in the transformation of indirect discourse (eg one can say (a) "I say that he will do the expedition" or (b) "I advise him to do/that he should do the expedition", where the discourse indirect, one way and the other, is used: direct discourse to (a) "He will do...", and to (b) "Do/you must do...").

Dynamic infinitive

Dynamic dynamic can be set by verb or desire to do something ( or ???????? "willing, want" , ??????? "pray, hope", ?????????? "praying against, an improper curse for", ???????? " select, prefer ", ????? "to be about, or: delay to", ???? "urgent, command to", ???? ???? "order to", ????????? "opt for", ?? "allow to", ?????? "please" etc.), Verbs of the will or desire not to do anything ( ??????????? " fear to ", ???????? "fear", ?????? ?? "abstain do", ?????????? "feel shame for ", ????????? " forbids to ", ????? " obstructs, prevents "etc.) and verbs or expressions that show ability, fitness, needs, capacity, etc. ( ??????? , ??? " can ", ??? ?????? , ???????? "know how" , ??????? "learn for", ????????? , ????????? " I can ", ?????? ? ???? "is fair/true for", ?????? ???? "necessary", ???? ??? "now is the time" etc.). It can also be found after the adjectives (and adverbs are sometimes derived) from the same meaning ( "skilled", ??????? " able ", ???? ?? " capable ", ?????? " quite, good "etc.). It stands as an object (directly or indirectly) of such verb or verbal expression, or serves as the subject if the verb/expression is used indirectly; it also defines the meaning of the adjective almost as an accusative of respect. This kind of infinitive shows only aspects or stages of action, not actual tension, and can be on a tense rod (most of today and AORIST (see also here), which is perfectly rare enough) except in the future; just the verb ????? "I will" will probably take a dynamic future infinitive.

The difference between the present and the AORIST infinitive of this type is the aspect or stage of action, not the tension - despite their tense rods, such infinitives always have a reference in the future, because of the volitive meaning of the verbs that govern them. More specifically, the infinitives in this verb stressed the "process or course of things", and in many cases had "soon" semantic power, while the infinitives in the aorist verb put the stress "on the settlement of state affairs, expressing well-defined circumstances or well-defined ".

Comes with dynamic infinitive (continuous action stage):

???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? .

I want (for) you to go to Athena (= every time, or = to start/continue going to Athens etc.).

?????? ???? ???????? .

Required to fight (= start/keep fighting).

Aorist dynamic infinitive (completed action stage):

???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? .

I want (for) you to go to Athens. (only once, simple and singular events go )

?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? .

I'm ashamed to tell you the truth. (just once, simple events tell , as in the previous example)

Differentiation of the analogical aspect between the present verbal stem and AORIST is present also in the limited use of mood as imperative and subjunctive and even optical desires in an independent clause. Thus, in cases as presented in the following examples, dynamic infinitives somehow remember the appropriate moods expressing desire or desire, praying or cursing, insistence or prohibitions etc. and indirect discourse is from one aspect used:

??? ??????? ??? ???? [...] ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????. (Aorist dynamic infinitive)

He ordered the servants to burn the war and wood machine.

Speech form directly: "???????????????????? ???????? ". (2nd plural person, aorist imperative mood) "Fire the war and wood machine."

????????? (?????????) ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. (Aorist dynamic infinitive)

He prayed (to Apollo) that Achaia should suffer the punishment of his tears through his axis (: god).

Speech form directly: "(? ???????, ????/? ? ??? ) ???????????????????????????? ". "Apollo, may the people of Achaia suffer the punishment of my tears through your axis". (AORIST optative of wish, expressing curse)

Infinitive Declarative

Verbs that usually have future references, such as ?????? "swear", ??????????? "appointments", ?????? "hope, hope", ??????? "threatening", ????????? "expect" etc, either take infinitive declarative (mostly future, but less often some of them also take current, AORIST or infinitive perfect, even infinitive with particle ?? represents optical or indicative potential), and in this case indirect discourse is used, or they are followed by a dynamic aoretist (less infinitive now), and they are built only l ike any verbs, wishes etc. The same construction change is available in English (the declarative content clause -a that clause- or to -initives), as shown below.

?????? ?? ??????? ????????? . (future, declarative, infinitive)

I swear that I will refund the money .

?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? . (current, dynamic, infinitive)

I swear to start/keep returning the money .

?????? ?? ??????? ????????? . (AORIST, dynamic, infinitive)

I swear to refund the money .

For the difference between current dynamic infinitive and AORIST, see the discussion at the top. But in the last two examples, other readings are also possible, given the ?????????? and ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "I swear to be present and the infinitive declarative aorist b> I give (always, or in the relevant situation etc.) money back I swear that I return the money . "

Infinitive in subordinate clause introduced by conjunction

Infinitive ("dynamic") is used instead of the indicative mood, with substantial differences in meaning, in certain subordinate clauses introduced by certain conjunctions: ???? (??) "so, so", ???? ( ???????...? ) "before" or "to "and relative adjectives introduce relative clause of results, such as ???? "pretty much for", ???? "as short as that for", ?? or ????? "(so...) that it can", in the clause introduced by the prepositional phrase ?? '? or ?? '??? or with ???? "provided that".

Note: "declarative" infinitive is sometimes an atmosphere of subordinated clauses in an indirect speech, rather than an appropriate indicator (either realist or conditional irrealis) or optical mood, in asset capital to the main infinitive used to represent the independent clause of the direct speech; so after relative, temporary or conditional conjunctions like: ?? "the" or ????? "anyone", ???? or ?????? "since, when", ??? "when", ?? "if" etc. Example:

??? ??, ?????? ?? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????, ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ' ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ...

He says that after his soul has gone from his body, he marches accompanied by many others, and they arrive at an extraordinary place, where there are two sides that are side by side on the ground as well as two in the sky opposite the position. And the judge was sitting between the cracks...

Here, the main infinitive, which directly depends on the finite verb ??? , ie ?????????? and ??????????? , interestingly influences the mood of the embedded clause introduced by ?????? , a temporary relationship, and ?? ? , relative prepositional phrase.

The appropriate mood shape of the direct narrative is indicative: ???? ?? ???? ????? ,? ???? ????????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????, ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ' ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ...

After my soul departs from my body, it marches to many others, and we arrive at an extraordinary place, where there are two openings on the ground and two in the sky in opposite positions. And the judge sits between these openings...

Infinitive Subject

In general, Greek is a pro-drop language or a language that has no subject: it does not have to express the subject (always in nominative) the subject of a finite verb form (either pronoun or noun), unless it is communicatively or syntactically important (eg when emphasis and/or contrast is intended, etc.). Regarding infinitives, no matter what kind, whether articulated or not, and also dynamic or declarative, the following can be said to be a general introduction to infinitival syntax (: case rules for infinitival subjects):

When the infinitive has its own subject (ie, when the infinitive subject is not co-referential to either the subject or the object of the verb form that governs), it stands in the accusative case. When the infinitive subject is the same as the subject of the main verb (when the subject is co-referential), it is usually not expressed or repeated in the infinitival clause. This neglect is also noticed when the infinitive subject, though not the subject of the organizing verb, is constructed in a higher syntactic level, for example as (there is) the object of a verb that regulates in each oblique case, or as an interesting interest with a verb or impersonal verbal expression. But even in this case an accusative may be present or - more usually - understood by adjective predicate, participatory, etc. In accusative. The three main constructions available are described in detail in the sections below.

Accusative and infinitive

The construction in which the accusative noun or pronoun serves as an infinitive subject is called accusative and infinitive (See also the Latin construction of homonymous accusativus cum infinitivo (ACI), which is a rule-in indirect speech-even in the case of where the verb and infinitive have a referential subject). This construction can be used as an indirect speech mechanism, in many instances exchanged with complementary declarative clauses introduced by "???/" ?? (or additional participatory), but with some verbs (usually with a thinking verb, as ?????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? etc, with the verb ???? "says, affirms, affirms", with words work that shows hope, oath or promise, such as ?????? "hope", ?????? "swear", ??????????? "appointments", etc.) i construction nfinital is a rule in classical Greek. But it can also be used with infinitival use, regardless of whether the speech is not directly involved or not. In the following examples the infinitival clause is inserted into square brackets [] :

???????? ????? [??????? ????? ?????].

say some people [Socrates _ACC sage _ACC become _INF ] literal translation (Subject and adjective predicate in accusative case)

Some people say that Socrates is (or: is) wise. idiomatic translation

?????????? [??????? ????? ?????].

pro _{3rd pl} consider [Socrates _ACC wise _ACC to _INF ] literal translation (as mentioned before)

They consider Socrates (or: been) wise. idiomatic translation

Oratio Recta/The direct speech for both of the above examples would be: ???????? _NOM ????? _NOM ?? ??? _FIN (or ?? ). "Socrates is (or: is ) wise". (Subject and adjective verb predicate ???? in nominative case)

Some actual examples of classical Greek literature:

[???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????] ???????? .

[the most evil and ungodly are called _ACC accident _ACC chasten _INF ] pro _{pl 3} say -they. literal translation (subject articulated in the case of accusative, infinitival object ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? DD>

People say [that the accident punishing those who are called is really evil and disobedient]. idiomatic translation

Oratio recta/Speech should be: ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?? _NOM ???????? _NOM ???????????? _FIN . "Sorrow punishes those who are called truly evil and disobedient". (Substantive articulation as the subject of finite verbs will be entered into the nominative case)

?????????? [??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????????] .

pro _{3rd pl} think- they [ _ACC their properties _ACC more capable _ACC to _INF of the selected gods as the best] literal translation (infinitival subject and predicate in accusative)

They think that their nature is more competent than the best chosen by the gods. idiomatic translation

Oratio recta/Direct speech is:? _NOM ??????? ????? _NOM ????????? _NOM ???? _FIN ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? "Our nature is more competent than the gods choose as the best". (Substantive articulation -subject verb-verbs and good predicate in the nominative case)

And here is an example where there is no indirect discussion involved:

????????? ??? [?????? ????? [?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????]], ???? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? .

pro _{3rd pl} want-they [appear _INF he _ACC and not willing < sub> ACC inform _INF ], so-more-credible revealing-information should appear. literal translation (first infinitive subject in accusative, predicate with second, embedded, infinitive in accusative too)

Their will is that he can be a reluctant informant, and unwilling, so that the disclosure of information will seem more credible. idiomatic translation

This construction, accusative and infinitive, is also always present when the main verb is impersonal or impersonal verbal expression, and the infinitival clause serves as the subject (here also no indirect speech).

[ ???? _ACC ] ??? [??? ????? ?????? ??????? _ACC ??? ????? ??????].

[your _ACC ] is required-is [the same opinion after _ACC sound brings _INF ] literal translation (Infinitive Subject ???? in akusatif; participle ??????? indicates also according to this pronominal form)

You must choose to have the same opinion in mind. idiomatic translation

Nominative and infinitive

When the infinitive subject is identical (coreferential) to the subject of a verb that governs, it is usually omitted and understood in the nominative case. This phenomenon is traditionally understood as a sort of case attraction (for modern perspectives and relevant modern terminology see also large PRO and little pro). In the following examples, the infinitival clause is bracketed []; Different items are indexed by using "i" subscripted.

?? ?????????? _i ???????? [PRO _i ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? _INF ]. (Infinitive potential)

The Syracuseans _i are thinking [PRO/sub> i by-war can no longer win _INF ]. (literal translation)

The Syracuseans believe [that they can not win again in war]. (idiomatic translation)

Oratio Recta/Speech directly: ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????. "We can not win the war." (Optical potential)

[ ?????? _NOM ] pro _i ??? [PRO _i ????? _INF ].

[pro sub sub _i ] pro _i say-he [PRO _i becomes _INF ] (literal translation)

He _i says (that) he _i is (a) Persian _i . (idiomatic translation)

?????? is a nominative noun in nominative, indicating case agreement with pronouns understood and omitted (Here we deal with pro intenferensial sub and sub PRO).

Oratio Recta/Speech directly: ?????? ????. "I'm (a) Persian".

When the infinitival subject is the core with a word built with a verb that regulates it in a higher syntactic level, in other words, when the infinitive subject itself (the second) argument of a verb is set, it is usually ignored and well understood in the case of oblique in where the second argument is laid out (see also in the preceding paragraph a reference to PRO), or in accusative as if in accusative and infinitive constructs (but with accusative nouns or pronouns must be suppressed and implied).

??? ??? _DAT ??? ????,? ???????, [PRO _i ????? _DAT ????????].

now for-you _DAT , Xenophon, is possible [PRO _i man _DAT to _INF ]. literal translation

Now it's possible for you, Xenophon, [to be a man]. idiomatic translation

(Predicate noun ????? "a man" in the case agreement with dative ??? "for you".)

????? _GEN ??? ???? [PRO _i ?? ???????????? _GEN ???? ??? ??????? ????????].

Cyrus _{I GEN} pro begs-they [PRO _i as-zeal-as-possible _GEN against war to _INF ]. literal translation

They begged Cyrus [to be as strong as possible in the war]. idiomatic translation

(Predicate adjective ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? agreement with genitive object "Cyrus" .)

?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? _ACC ????? _{i ACC} [PRO _i ????? ??? _ACC [?????????? ?] ???????? (????)]].

Polemarchus the-Cephalus ordered _ACC lad _ACC [run _ACC [waiting _INF for-dia] message _INF (us)]]. literal translation

Polemarchus son Cephalus ordered his son [to run and bid (us) [wait for him]]. idiomatic translation

In all of the above examples, the infinitive subject case is governed by the requirements of the main verb and "infinitive attached as the third argument" (Regarding the second and third instances, in modern linguistic terms we must do with the construction of object control). As the fas as the first two are concerned, traditionally this construction is sometimes referred to (in Latin terminology) dativus cum infinitivo or cum infinitivo genitivus ( dative with infinitive or genitive with infinitive respectively) and is considered a case attraction , the dative or genitive used instead of the accusative: ?????, ?? ???????????? ; see also below.

On the other hand, as indicated by the adjective predicate/sunstantives or the participatory constituents of the infinitival clause, it is not uncommon at all to be accusative to be understood and given by context as an infinitive subject, as the following examples explain. As far as the genitive is concerned, the substantive or participle predicate usually stands in the accusative while the adjectives can stand either in the accusative or in the genitive case. As far as dative is concerned, the choice between words corresponding to the dative and accusative cases seems to be determined by the speaker/author preference.

????????????? _{i DAT} ??????? [PRO _i ???? ?????? _ACC ?? ??????].

For-Lacedaemonians _DAT is possible [to-you friends _ACC ] to _INF ]. literal translation

It is possible for Lacedaemonians [to be your friend]. idiomatic translation

(Predicate adjective ?????? "friend" is in the accusative, in terms of agreement with accusative subject understood and omitted ???????????????????? "Perhaps there is a possibility that the accusatives are preferred by Thucydides here to avoid the accumulation of the population that would result in ambiguity or even incomprehensibility: ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????

??????? ??? ???? _GEN [ ??? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??????????? _ACC ???...]

is-begging-us-you _GEN [Listen carefully _INF of what is being said, remember-mind _ACC it...] literal translation

We beg you [to listen carefully to what is being said, keeping in mind that...] an idiomatic translation

(Participle ???????????? "remember" in accusative, approve in case with accented/deleted ???? "you".)

This construction is mandatory when the infinitive is governed by a participle in the oblique case, more often an attributive one (and in the nominative as well). Here the adjective predicate always indicates conformity with the case of the leading participant. So embedded participatory clauses like ????????? ????? ????? "claim that they are wise" or ?? ????????? ????? ????? "Those who claim that they are wise" are rejected in this way - in one of the following sequence of words, but in slightly different every time meaning/topic:

(??) ????????? ????? _NOM ?????

(????) ?????? ????????? _ACC ?? ???

(???) ????????? _GEN ????? ????? _GEN

(????) ?????? _DAT ????? ???????? _DAT

In the above interpretation of the predicate adjective ????? "wise" is always included in the case governing the participle ????????? "claimed".

Maps Infinitive (Ancient Greek)

References

Source of the article : Wikipedia