Additional inversions (also called inversion subject operators ) are the most common type of inversion in English, where limited auxiliary verbs - taken here to enter the form limited from copula to - seems to "invert" (replace place) with subject. The word sequence therefore is Aux-S (auxiliary-subject), which is the reverse of the SV canonical sequence (subject-verb) of the declarative clause in English. The most frequent use of teaching-learning inversion in English is in the formation of questions, although it also has other uses, including the creation of a condition clause, and in sentence syntax beginning with a negative expression (negative inversion).
In some types of English sentences, inversion is also possible with verbs other than helper; this is described in an article about subject-verb inversion.
Video Subject-auxiliary inversion
Overview
Subject inversions involve subject placement after a limited help verb, rather than before as in typical declarative sentences (English canonical compositions are subject-verb-objects). The auxiliary verbs that can participate in the inversion (eg is , can , have , be , etc.) are described on English auxiliaries and contractions. Notice that the verb forms become are inserted regardless of whether or not they serve as helpers in the sense of regulating other verb forms. (For exceptions to this restriction, see Ã,§ Inversion with other types of verbs below.)
A typical example of a lesson-assisted inversion is given below.
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- a. Sam has read the newspaper. - Statement
- b. Did Sam read the newspaper? - Yes-no questions created using inversion
Here the subject is Sam , and the verb has is a helper. In question, these two elements change the place (invert). If the sentence does not have an additional verb, this simple inversion type is not possible. Instead, the tool should be included in the sentence to allow inversion:
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- a. Sam enjoys paper. - Statements with non-assist verbs enjoy
- b. * Enjoy Sam paper? - This is idiomatically wrong; a simple inversion with this kind of verb is considered archaic
- c. Did Sam enjoy the paper? - Sentences formulated with auxiliary not now allow inversion
For usage details do , do and perform for this and similar purposes, see do -support. For the exceptions to the principle that inverted verbs must be helper, see Ã,§ Reversals involving non-auxiliary nouns below. It is also possible for the subject to reverse the negative contractions ( can not , not , etc.). As an example:
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- a. He is not either.
- b. Is not he good? - Subject he reverses with negated aid contraction not
Compare this to the uncontrolled form Is he not good? and the ancient Is not he good? .
Maps Subject-auxiliary inversion
Use of additional-subject inversion
The main uses of subject-auxiliary inversion in English are described in the following sections, although other types can sometimes be found. It should be noted that most of the usage of inversion is limited to the main clause; they are not found in the subordinate clause. Yet other types (such as inversion in conditions clause) are specific to subordinate clauses.
In question
The most common use of subject-inversion inversion in English is in the formation of questions. It comes up in a yes-no question:
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- a. Sam has read the newspaper. - Statement
- b. Did Sam read the newspaper? - Questions
as well as in questions introduced by other interrogative words ( wh -questions):
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- a. Sam is reading the newspaper. - statement
- b. What's reading Sam ? - Questions introduced by what interrogators
Reversal does not occur, but when the word interrogative is subject or contained in the subject. In this case the subject stays in front of the verb (it can be said that wh - prefacing precedence rather than subject-auxiliary inversion):
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- a. Someone has read the newspaper. - Statement
- b. Who has read the newspaper? - The subject is interrogative who ; no inversion
- c. What idiot read the newspaper? - The subject contains an interrogative that ; no inversion
Reversal also usually does not occur in indirect questions, where the question is no longer in the main clause, because of the penthouse principle. As an example:
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- a. "What's Sam eating?", Cathy wondered. - Reversal in direct question
- b. * Cathy wonders what did Sam eat. - False; inversion should not be used in indirect questions
- c. Cathy wonders what Sam ate . - True; indirect questions formed without inversion
As well as:
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- a. We asked if Tom had gone . - True; indirect question without inversion
- b. * We asked if had Tom remaining. - Incorrect
Negative convert
Another use of the instruction-instruction inversion is in sentences that begin with certain types of expression containing negation or negative power. As an example,
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- a. Jessica will say it in no time.
- b. No time would Jessica say that. - Inverted subject-topics with fronted negative expression.
This is described in detail in negative inversion.
Inversion in clause terms
Additional sub-inversions can be used in certain types of subordinate clauses expressing a condition:
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- a. If the general has made no advance payment,...
- b. Does the general not order a down payment,... - Subject-auxiliary loading of the counterfactual conditional clause
Note that when conditions are declared by inversion, the conjunction if is omitted. More possibilities are given to conditional English sentences Ã,§ Reversals in terms of clauses, and variations explained in subjunctive English Ã, § Inversions.
Other cases
The inversion-auxiliary subject is used after the anaphoris particles so , especially in the ellipse sentence. The same thing often happens to elliptical clauses beginning with as .
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- a. Fred fell asleep, and Jim too.
- b. Fred fell asleep, and so did Jim .
- c. Fred fell asleep, like did Jim .
Inversions also occur following expressions beginning with be or like , as in:
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- a. We felt so tired (like exhaustion) that we fell asleep.
- b. Very tired (as tired) we feel that we are asleep.
Additional substitutes can be optionally used in elliptical clauses introduced by comparative particles rather than :
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- a. Sally knows more languages ​​than her dad does .
- b. Sally knows more languages ​​than what is his father . - Optional inversions, with no change of meaning
Inversion with other verb types
There is a certain sentence pattern in English where the subject verb reversal occurs where the verb is not limited to auxiliary verbs. Here the subject can reverse with certain major verbs, eg After the pleasure coming pain , or with a verb chain, ie. In the box will a bottle . This is described in an article about subject-verb inversion. Furthermore, inversion is not limited to helpers in the form of older English. Examples of non-assistive verbs used in typical helper-assisted inversion patterns can be found in old texts or in English written in the ancient style:
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- Know you what's it like to be a child? (Francis Thompson)
The verb has , when used to denote a widely defined property (and therefore not as a helper), is sometimes still used in this way in modern standard English:
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- Have you know how much it costs?
Inversion as leftover wording V2
In some cases the subject-auxiliary inversion, such as negative inversion, the effect is to place a limited auxiliary verb to the second position in the sentence. In this case, the inversion in English produces a sequence of words similar to those of other Germanic V2 words (Danish, Dutch, Frisian, Icelandic, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Yiddish, etc.). Examples of this inversion are the remnants of pattern V2 which previously existed in English as still in the related language. Old English follows a consistent sequence of words V2.
Structural Analysis
The structural analysis of the subject-auxiliary inversion, and general inversion, challenges many sentence structure theories, in particular, theories based on phrase structure. The challenge stems from the fact that these theories place the existence of a constituent finite verb phrase. Standard declarative sentences are divided into two direct constituents, subject NP and VP predicates. When a help-subject reversal occurs, it appears to violate the integrity of the predicate. The canonical predicate is underlined in the following sentences:
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- a. Larry has started working . - Traditional VP predicate is a combination of continuous words.
- b. Does Larry start working ? - The traditional VP predicate is no longer sustainable.
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- a. Susan will listen to music . - Traditional VP predicate is a combination of continuous words.
- b. Will Susan listen to her music ? - The traditional VP predicate is no longer sustainable.
The limited predefined VP is a sequence of continuous words in sentences. In different b-sentences, the inversion of the auxiliary subject breaks the predicate. What this means is that in one sense or another, discontinuities are present in the structure.
One broad way to overcome this difficulty is to place movement. The basic sequence of sentences b is considered as shown in the-a sentence. To arrive at the order of the inversion word in the b-sentence, the motion is assumed. The finite verb moves out of its basic position after the subject becomes the position that is lowered in front of the subject.
By moving out of its base position and into the position that is lowered in the front of the clause, the integrity of the predicate VP constituency can be maintained, as it is present at the level of the underlying sentence structure.
The alternative analysis does not recognize binary sharing of clauses into the subject of NP and VP predicates, but rather puts finite verbs as roots of all sentences and views the subject as switching to the other side of finite verbs. No discontinuities are felt. Dependency grammar tends to do this kind of analysis. The following dependency tree illustrates how this alternative account can be understood:
These trees show finite verbs as the root of all sentence structures. The hierarchy of words remains the same throughout the a- and b-trees. If movement occurs at all, it happens to the right (not to the left); the subject moves to the right to appear as a post-dependent of his head, which is a limited auxiliary verb.
See also
Note
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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