The President of the French Republic (France: Prà © và © e de la RÃÆ'  © publique franÃÆ'§aise , French pronunciation: Ã, [p? Ezid ?? d? La? Epyblik f ??? s? Z] ) is chief executive of the French state in the French Fifth Republic. In French terms, the presidency is the supreme ruler of the country.
The powers, functions and duties of the previous presidential office, and their relationship with the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, gradually differed from the French constitutions since 1848 (the end of the French Monarchy). The President of the French Republic is also the Co-Prince Co-Prince of Andorra, the Grand Master of the LÃÆ'Â Â gion d'honneur and the National Order of Merit, and the proto-canon of honor of St. Basilica. John Lateran in Rome.
The current French president is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded FranÃÆ'§ois Hollande on May 14, 2017.
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Histori
The French presidency was first proposed to the public during the July Revolution of 1830, when it was offered to the Marquis de Lafayette, who disliked Prince Louis Phillipe. 18 years later, during the opening phase of the second Republic, the title was made to the popularly elected Head of State, the first being Louis-NapolÃÆ' Â © on Bonaparte, the Emperor's nephew. Bonaparte served until he made an automatic coup against the republic, proclaiming himself Emperor Napoleon III.
Under the Third and Fourth Republic, which is a parliamentary system, the office of the President of the Republic is largely ceremonial and powerless. The Fifth Republican Constitution greatly enhanced the power of the President. The 1962 Referendum changed the constitution, so the President would be elected directly by universal suffrage and not by Parliament.
In 2000, the referendum shortened the presidential term from seven years to five years. A maximum of two consecutive terms are enacted after the 2008 constitutional reform.
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Selection
Since the referendum on the direct election of the President of the French Republic in 1962, the position holder has been directly elected by universal suffrage; he was previously elected by an electoral college.
After a referendum on the reduction of the mandate of the President of the Republic of France, 2000, the time period was reduced to five years from the previous seven; the first short-term elections were held in 2002. President Jacques Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002. At that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could run again, but chose not to. He was replaced by Nicolas Sarkozy on May 16, 2007.
After further amendments, the basic law on modernization of the Fifth Republic institutions, 2008, a President can not serve more than two consecutive terms. FranÃÆ'§ois Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have undergone two full periods (14 years for the first, 12 years for the latter).
In order to be accepted as an official candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations (informally known as parrainages , for "sponsors") from more than 500 elected officials, mostly mayors. These officials must be from at least 30 part of the party or overseas collectivities, and not more than 10% of them must be from the same part of the same or similar collectivity. Furthermore, every official can nominate only one candidate. There are exactly 45,543 elected officials, including 33,872 mayors.
Spending and financing campaigns and political parties are highly regulated. There is a spending limit, about 20 million euros, and government public financing 50% of expenses if the candidate value is more than 5%. If the candidate receives less than 5% of the vote, the government funds EUR8,000,000 to the party (EUR4,000,000 is paid in advance). Advertising on TV is prohibited, but official time is given to candidates on public TV. An independent body organizes party elections and financing.
The French presidential election is conducted through a run-off vote, which ensures that the elected president always gets a majority vote: if no candidate receives a majority in the first round of voting, two candidates with the highest score arrive in the second round. After the president was elected, he went through a serious coronation ceremony called " passation des pouvoirs " ("surrender power").
Powers
The fifth French Republic is a semi-presidential system. Unlike many other European presidents, the French president is quite strong. Although it is the French and parliamentary prime minister who oversees the day-to-day affairs of the country, the French president has significant influence and authority, especially in the fields of national security and foreign policy.
The president's greatest strength is his ability to elect the prime minister. However, since the French National Assembly has the sole power to dismiss the prime minister's government, the president is forced to appoint a prime minister who can lead majority support in the assembly.
- When the majority of the Assembly has different political views with the president, this leads to political cohabitation. In this case, the power of the president is reduced, as most de facto powers depend on the prime minister and the supportive National Assembly, and not directly linked to the presidency.
- When a majority of members of the Assembly are with them, the president may take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is the president's personal choice, and can easily be replaced if the government becomes unpopular. This device has been used in recent years by FranÃÆ'§ois Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac, and FranÃÆ'§ois Hollande.
Since 2002, the mandate of the president and the MPR is five years, and the two elections are close to each other. Therefore, the possibility of "cohabitation" is lower. Among government forces:
- The President announces the law.
- The President has a suspicious veto: when confronted with law, he may request another reading by Parliament, but only once per law.
- The President may also refer to the law for review to the Constitutional Council before it is enacted.
- The President may dissolve the French National Assembly.
- The President may refer to certain treaties or types of laws for popular referendums, under certain conditions, among them the agreement of the Prime Minister or Parliament.
- The President is Commander-in-Chief of the French Armed Forces.
- The President may order the use of nuclear weapons.
- The names of presidents but can not sack the Prime Minister. The President called and dismissed other ministers, with the approval of the Prime Minister.
- The president names most officials (with cabinet approval).
- The President named some members of the Constitutional Council.
- The President receives a foreign ambassador.
- The President may grant pardons (but not amnesties) to convicted criminals; the president may also reduce or suppress criminal penalties. This is very important when France is still executing the death penalty: convicted criminals in general will demand that the president change their sentence to life imprisonment.
All presidential decisions must be signed by the prime minister, except to dissolve the French National Assembly, the choice of prime minister, the disposition of Article 19.
Detailed constitutional power
The constitutional attribution of the president is defined in the Title II of the French Constitution.
Article 5 The President of the Republic will see that the Constitution is observed. He must ensure, through his arbitration, the functioning of the public authorities and the sustainability of the State. He will be the guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity and obedience to the treaty.
Article 8 The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister. He will end the appointment of the Prime Minister when the latter filed a resignation from the Government. On the proposal of the Prime Minister, he will appoint other members of the Government and terminate their appointment.
Article 9 The President of the Republic shall lead the Council of Ministers.
Article 10 The President of the Republic shall announce the Law of Parliament within fifteen days after the final adoption of the Act and transmission to the Government. He may, before the expiration of this deadline, ask Parliament to reconsider the Act or part of the Act. A review will not be rejected. While the president must sign all acts adopted by parliament into law, he can not refuse to do so and exercise such a veto; His only strength in this regard is to request a single review of the law by the parliament and this force is subject to the re-signing by the Prime Minister.
Article 11 The President may file a law for people in a referendum with advice and approval from the cabinet.
Article 12 The President of the Republic may, after consultation with the Prime Minister and the President of the assembly, declare the National Assembly dissolved. The elections shall take place not less than twenty days and not later than forty days after the dissolution. The National Assembly will convene on the second Thursday after its election. If so convening outside the period specified for a regular session, the session will be called correctly for a period of fifteen days. No further dissolution will occur within a year after this election.
Article 13 The President of the Republic will sign the rules and decisions discussed in the Council of Ministers. He will make appointments to the civilian and military post of the State. [...]
Article 14 The President of the Republic shall accredit the ambassador and the extraordinary envoy for the foreign powers; foreign ambassadors and extraordinary envoys will be accredited for him.
Article 15 The President of the Republic shall be the highest commander of the armed forces. He will lead a higher national defense board and committee.
Article 16 Where the institution of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, its territorial integrity or the fulfillment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the constitutional public functioning of the authorities is disrupted, the President of the Republic shall take the necessary measures this situation, after formally consulting the Prime Minister, the President of the assembly and the Constitutional Council. He should notify Nation of these steps in a message. Steps must come from a desire to provide constitutional public authority, in the shortest time possible, with the means to carry out its duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted in respect of such measures. Parliament should convene as a right. The National Assembly will not be dissolved during emergency force training.
Article 16 , enabling the President to form a limited rule with a decree for a limited period under exceptional circumstances, was used only once, by Charles de Gaulle during the Algerian War, from 23 April to 29 September 1961.
Article 17 The President of the Republic has the right to grant pardons.
Article 18 The President of the Republic shall communicate with the two Parliamentary assemblies through messages, which he shall read and which shall not be an occasion for debate. He can also provide an address in front of the French Congress at Versailles. Outside the session, Parliament should be held specifically for this purpose.
Article 19 The President's President's story, other than those set forth in article 8 (first paragraph), 11, 12, 16, 18, 54, 56 and 61, shall be signed by the Prime Minister and, if required, by the minister appropriate.
Article 49 Para 3 allows the president to adopt a law on his authority. For this purpose, the prime minister runs in front of the lower and upper level houses, reads the bill to the legislators and closes with the "government involving the responsibility" above. The loss of Gaullist party support in the midst of his seven-year term spanning 1974 to 1981, Valdes's president Giscard d'Estaing relied heavily on this provision to disperse the efforts of Paris's mayor Jacques Chirac to bring him back under Gaullist control.
Amnesty President
There is a tradition called "presidential amnesty", which is a mistake: after a presidential election, and the National Assembly of the same party, parliament has traditionally chosen a law granting amnesty for some minor crimes. This practice is increasingly criticized, especially since it is believed to incite people to commit traffic violations in the months before the election. Such amnesty laws may also authorize the president to appoint individuals who have committed a certain category of offense to offer amnesty if certain conditions are met. Such individual measures have been criticized for the political patronage they allow. However, there is the argument that such amnesty laws help to reduce the overpopulation of prison populations. Amnesty laws passed in 2002; no one graduated in January 2008.
The difference between presidential amnesty and presidential pardon is that the first to remove all future punitive consequences, as if the crime was not committed, while clemency only freed individuals who were convicted of part or all of the rest of the sentence.
Criminal and impeachment responsibilities
Articles 67 and 68 regulate the regime of criminal liability of the President. They are reformed by constitutional acts 2007, to clarify the situation that previously resulted in legal controversy.
The President of the Republic enjoys immunity during his tenure: he can not be asked to testify before any jurisdiction, he can not be prosecuted, etc. However, restriction laws are suspended during his tenure, and questions and prosecutions can resume, at the latest one month after he leaves the office.
The President shall not be held personally liable for his actions in his official capacity, unless his actions are indicted before the International Criminal Court (France is a member of the ICC and the President is a French citizen as someone else following the Court's ordinances) or where impeachment is stirred against him. Impeachment may be pronounced by the High Court of the Republic, the special court convenes from both Houses of Parliament on the proposed one of the Houses, if the president fails to perform his duties in a way that clearly impedes the continuation of his tenure.
Succession and disability
After the death, dismissal, or resignation of the President, the President of the Senate takes over as acting president. Alain Poher is the only person who has served in this temporary position, and has done so twice: the first time in 1969 after Charles de Gaulle's resignation and for the second time in 1974 after the death of Georges Pompidou. In this situation, the President of the Senate becomes the Acting President of the Republic; he did not become the new President of the Republic as elected and therefore did not have to resign from his position as President of the Senate. Regardless of his title as Acting President of the Republic, Poher is considered in France as a former President and registered in the presidential gallery on the president's official website. This is different from acting as president of the Third Republic.
The first round of the new presidential election should be held no later than twenty days and no later than thirty-five days after the presidential vacuum. Since fifteen days can separate the first and second rounds of presidential elections, this means that the President of the Senate can only act as President of the Republic for a maximum period of fifty days. During this interim period, the acting president is not allowed to dismiss the national assembly or they are not allowed to call for a referendum or initiate any constitutional amendments.
If there is no senate president, the power of the president of the republic is done by "Gouvernement", which means the Cabinet. This has been interpreted by some constitutional scholars who mean the prime minister first and, if he himself can not act, the members of the cabinet in the order of the list of decisions that nominate them. This is actually not possible, because if the Senate president can not act, the Senate will usually name the new president of the Senate, who will act as President of the Republic.
During the Third French Republic, the President of the Council of Ministers acts as President whenever the office is vacant. According to Article 7 of the Constitution, if the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, or if the president becomes incapable, at the request of the gouvernement, the Constitutional Council may decide, by a majority vote, that the presidency shall be assumed temporarily by the Senate President. If the Council determines that incompetence is permanent, the same procedure as for resignation is applied, as described above.
If the President can not attend a meeting, including a meeting of the Council of Ministers, he may ask the Prime Minister to appear as his successor (Constitution, article 21). This clause has been applied by a president traveling abroad, ill, or undergoing surgery.
During the Second French Republic, there was the Vice President. The only person who ever held that position was Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe.
Died in the office
Four French presidents have died in office: Marie FranÃÆ'§ois Sadi Carnot, who was killed by Sante Geronimo Caserio on June 25, 1894, was 56 years old.
Pay and official residence
The President of the Republic is paid a salary in accordance with the specified pay value compared to the value of payments from the most senior members of the French Civil Service ("outside the scale", hors à £ chelle , whose value is known as letters and not as a numerical index). In addition he was paid 3% of the living allowance, and the function paid 25% on salaries and shelter compensation. These gross and indemnified salaries are the same as the salary of the Prime Minister, and 50% higher than the highest salaries to other members of the government, which are automatically defined as the highest average twice (G class salary) and lowest salary (class A1 salaries) in the "out of scale" salary value. Using the 2008 "out of scale" payment amount this amount is to be a monthly payment of 20,963 EUR, which corresponds to EUR 19,000 quoted for the press in early 2008. Using the value of payments starting from July 1, 2009, this means a gross monthly payment of 21,131 EUR.
Salaries and dues live taxed for income tax.
The official residence and presidential office is ÃÆ' â € ° lysÃÆ' Â © e Palace in Paris. Other presidential residence includes:
- HÃÆ'Â'tel de Marigny ; standing next to ÃÆ' â € ° lysÃÆ' Â © e Palace, overshadowing foreign official guests;
- ChÃÆ' Â ¢ teau de Rambouillet is usually open to visitors when not used for formal meetings (rare);
- Domaine National de Marly is usually open to visitors when not used for formal meetings (rare);
- Fort de BrÃÆ' Â © ganÃÆ'§on , in southeastern France, the official residence of the presidency until 2013, becomes a national monument and opened to the public in 2014. The president's private premises are still available for use ( rarely). La Lanterne became the official presidential holiday residence at the time.
Recent selection
Living a former President
There are four surviving former French presidents:
According to French law, the Former President has guaranteed a determined lifetime pension in accordance with the rate of payment of the Members of the State Council, a proper diplomatic passport, and, according to the French Constitution (Art. 56), membership of the Constitutional Council.
They also get personnel, apartments and/or offices, and other facilities, although the legal basis for this is debatable. In 2008, according to answers by Prime Minister's services to questions from members of the National Assembly RenÃÆ'Â Â © DosiÃÆ'¨re, the facility consists of: security detail, car with driver, first class railway ticket and office or residential space, managed by the State. Two people serve this space. In addition, the State funds 7 permanent assistants.
President Hollande announced system reforms by 2016. Former President will no longer accept cars with a driver, and personnel in their living spaces are also cut. In addition, the number of assistants available for its use has been reduced, but a flat or country house remains available to former Presidents. Train tickets are also available if travel is justified by the former president's office. The security personnel around the former President remained unchanged.
The last president who died was FranÃÆ'§ois Mitterrand (served 1981-1995) on January 8, 1996, aged 79 years.
List related to French President
- List of French Presidents
- List of French Presidents by age
- List of French presidents with long life
- List of French Presidents by tenure
- List of French non-presidential heads of state by term of office
- List of personal emblems from the hands of the President of the French Republic
References
Further reading
- How Strong is the President of France? A primer of the Council on Foreign Relations
- John Gaffney. Political Leadership in France: From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy (Palgrave Macmillan; 2012), ISBN 978-0-230-36037-2. Dig into mythology and symbolism in French political culture through the study of the persona made by de Gaulle and his five successors.
External links
- Official website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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