The medical mark is an objective indication of some medical facts or characteristics that can be detected by the patient or anyone, especially the doctor, before or during the patient's physical examination. For example, while tingling paresthesia is a symptom (only those who experience it can directly observe their own tingling sensations), erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often not specific, but often a combination of them at least indicates a particular diagnosis, helping to narrow down what might go wrong. In other cases they are specific even to become pathognomonic.
Some signs may be meaningless to the patient, and may even be unknown, but may be significant and significant for healthcare providers in assisting the diagnosis.
Examples of signs include high blood pressure, clubbing of the fingertips (which may be a sign of lung disease, or many other things), a stunning walking style (human) and an eye arcus arcus.
The sign term does not become confused by the term indication , which in medicine indicates a valid reason for using some treatments.
Video Medical sign
Semiotik
Art interprets clinical signs originally called semiotics (the term now used for the study of sign communications in general) in English. This term, then written semeiotics (derived from the Greek adjective ???????????: semeiotikos , "to do with the sign"), is the one first used in English in 1670 by Henry Stubbes (1631-1676), to denote the branch of medicine related to the interpretation of signs:
- ... nor is there anything reliable in Physick, but the exact knowledge of drug physiology (founded on observation, not principle), semeiotic, preservation methods, and trying (not to be fooled, not ruling) medicine....
Maps Medical sign
Versus symptoms
The signs are different from symptoms, subjective experience, such as fatigue, that patients may report to their examining physician.
For convenience, the signs are generally distinguished from the following symptoms: Both are abnormal, relevant to potential medical conditions, but the symptoms are experienced and reported by the patient, while the sign is > discovered by a physician during the examination or by a clinical scientist by way of in vivo examination of the patient.
A slightly different definition is seen as an indication of an objectively observable medical condition (ie, by someone other than the patient), whereas symptoms are merely manifestations of a clear condition for the patient (ie something that consciously affects the patient). From this definition, it can be said that asymptomatic patients are not ill. However, doctors may find signs of hypertension in asymptomatic patients, who are not "uncomfortable", and signs indicate the state of the disease that pose a danger to the patient. With this set of definitions, there is some overlap - certain things can be qualified as signs and symptoms (eg, bleeding nose).
Lester S. King, author of Medical Thinking , argues that the "essential feature" of a sign is that there are signs (or "markers") and "signals". And, since the "core of a sign is to convey information", it can only be a sign, speak properly, if it has meaning. Therefore, "the stop sign becomes a sign when you can not read it". A person, who possesses and exercises the knowledge necessary to understand the meaning or indication or meaning of the sign, is required for something to be a complete sign. A physical phenomenon that is not really interpreted as a sign pointing to something else is, in medical science, merely a symptom. Thus, King rejects the "current views [the distinguishing marks of symptoms based on subjective patient versus objective-physician], however widely accepted, as very false, not only with ordinary use but with the whole history of treatment."
"[A] the phenomenon is a phenomenon, caused by a disease and can be observed directly in experience.We can talk about it as a manifestation disease.When the observer reflects on the phenomenon and uses it as the basis for further conclusions, turns into a sign, as the sign indicates outside of itself - perhaps for the current illness, or into the past or into the future, to which the point of sign is part of its meaning, which may be rich and complex, or slight, or gradation between So, in medicine, a sign is a phenomenon from which we can get a message, a message that tells us something about a patient or a disease.the observation that does not convey a message is not a sign.The difference between signs and symptoms lies in meaning, and this is not perceived but concluded. "
Type
Medical signs can be classified by the type of inference that can be made from their presence, for example:
- Prognostic signs (from progign? skein , ????????????, "to know in advance"): signs indicating the result of the patient's current state of the body (ie, rather than indicating the name of the disease). Prognostic signs always point to the future. Perhaps the most famous prognostic sign is facies Hippocratica:
"[If the patient's face] appearance can be described thus: sharp nose, sunken eyes, fallen temples, cold ears and pulled in and their lobes distorted, hard facial skin, stretch and dry, and pale or blackish facial color. and if there is no improvement within [the prescribed time frame], it must be realized that this mark signifies death. "
- Anamnestic signs (from anamn? stikÃÆ'³s , ???????????, "can be remembered"): sign -that sign (taking into account the current state of the patient's body), indicating a particular disease or condition in the past. Anamnestic signs always point to the past . (As King (1982) explains, whenever we see a man walking with a certain walking style, with one hand paralyzed in a certain way, we say "This man has had a stroke," and, if we see a woman in her 50s with one hand is distorted in a certain way, we say "He has polio as a child.")
- Diagnostics (from diagnosis? stikÃÆ'³s , ???????????, "can differentiate"): a sign that leads to recognition and identification a disease (ie, they show the name disease).
- "'A list of medically named names'': marks named after people.
- Pathognomonic signs (from pathognomonikÃÆ'³s , ??????????????, "skilled in diagnosis", derived from > pÃÆ' ¡Thos , ?????, "suffer, disease", and gn? Mon , ??????, "judge, indicator"): a certain sign whose presence means, without a doubt, that certain diseases are present. They represent the intensification of marked diagnostic marks. (Examples are palmar xanthomata seen in the hands of people with hyperlipoproteinaemia.) Single pathognomonic signs are relatively rare.
"Symptoms become a sign when they allow inference.Typically, a single symptom by itself - such as pain or swelling, or discoloration, or bloody discharge - will not allow specific inference, but when the symptoms appear in the group and form a pattern, then the aggregate may leading to a particular disease.The patognomonic sign, however, does not require any other manifestation to direct the physician to the correct diagnosis.This is a one-to-one relationship - uniquely related marks and diseases.Therognomonic sign is the "decisive", the datum enforcing diagnosis firmly. "
Technological developments create signs that doctors can only detect
Before the nineteenth century there was little difference in the power of observation between doctors and patients. Most medical practices are carried out as cooperative interactions between physicians and aristocratic patients as equal; this was gradually replaced by "consensus of imposed monolithic opinions from within the medical investigating community". While each cares about the same things, doctors have a more informed interpretation of them: "the doctors know what the findings mean and the layman does not".
Progress in the 19th century
However, patients are gradually removed from medical interactions due to significant technological advances such as:
- The introduction of percussion techniques in 1808, "the process through which" doctors can assess the underlying lung condition by sensing the vibrational character with a gentle tap on the chest wall [something] greatly facilitates the diagnosis of pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. The techniques, first described by the Vienna physician Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809) in 1761, became much wider after the publication of Jean-Nicolas Corvisart (France) translation of Auenbrugger's (Latin) work in 1808.
- Introduction 1819 by RenÃÆ'Â © Laennec (1781-1826) auscultation technique (using stethoscope to listen to circulatory and respiratory functions of the body). The Laennec publication was translated into English, 1821-1834, by John Forbes.
- Introduction 1846 by surgeon John Hutchinson (1811-1861) spirometer, a tool for assessing the mechanical properties of the lungs through the measurement of forced respiration and forcible inhalation. (Recorded lung volume and airflow rate are used to distinguish between restrictive disease (in which lung volume decreases: eg, cystic fibrosis) and obstructive disease (where normal lung volume but air flow rate is inhibited, eg emphysema).)
- The discovery of 1851 by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) of the ophthalmoscope, which allowed physicians to examine the inside of the human eye.
- The widespread clinical use (c.1870) which was soon widespread from the thermometer of Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836-1925) pocket clinical six inches (not twelve inches), which he had designed in 1867.
- The introduction of culture of 1882 by Robert Koch, originally for tuberculosis, became the first laboratory test to confirm bacterial infection.
- The clinical use of X-rays in 1895 that began shortly after they discovered that year by Wilhelm Conrad RÃÆ'¶ntgen (1845-1923).
- The introduction of the sphygmomanometer in 1896, designed by Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863-1937), to measure blood pressure.
Changes in relationship between doctor and patient
The introduction of percussion techniques and auscultation into medical practice alters the relationship between physicians and patients in a very significant way, especially since this technique is almost completely dependent on doctors who listen to the patient's body voice.
Not only does this development greatly reduce the patient's ability to observe and contribute to the diagnostic process, it also means that patients are often instructed to stop talking, and remain silent.
Because such evolutionary changes continue to occur in medical practice, it is increasingly necessary to uniquely identify data accessible only by physicians, and to be able to distinguish observations from others that are also available to patients, and it just seems natural to use "signs" to special doctors' data classes, and "symptoms" for the observation classes available to patients.
The King proposed a more advanced idea; namely, that a sign is something meaningful, regardless of whether it is observed by the doctor or reported by the patient:
The belief that symptoms are subjective reports of patients, while a sign is something the doctor raises, is a twentieth-century product that goes against the use of two thousand years of treatment. In practice, now as usual, the doctor makes his judgment from the information he collects. The use of modern signs and symptoms only emphasizes the source of information, which is actually not very important. Far more important is the use of the information it serves. If the data, however derived, leads to some conclusions and surpasses themselves, the data is a sign. However, if data remains only as observations without interpretation, they are a symptom, regardless of the source. Symptoms become signs when they lead to interpretation. The difference between information and inference underlies all medical thinking and must be preserved.
As a test
In some instances, the diagnosis process is always a matter of assessing the possibility that the given condition exists in the patient. In patients who come with hemoptysis (coughing up blood), hemoptysis is most likely caused by respiratory disease rather than a broken leg patient. Each history-taking question allows medical practitioners to narrow their view of the causes of symptoms, test and build on their hypotheses when they leave.
The examination, which is basically looking for clinical signs, allows medical practitioners to see if there is evidence in the patient's body to support their hypothesis of possible illnesses.
A patient who has given good stories to support the diagnosis of tuberculosis can be found, on examination, to show signs that lead practitioners away from diagnosis and more towards sarcoidosis, for example. Examination for signs test practitioner hypotheses, and whenever a mark is found that supports a particular diagnosis, the diagnosis becomes more likely.
Special tests (blood tests, radiology, scans, biopsies, etc.) also allow hypotheses to be tested. This particular test is also said to show clinical signs. Again, tests may be considered pathogn- onomic for certain diseases, but in those cases tests are generally said to be "diagnostic" of the disease rather than pathogn- tronomically. An example is the history of falling from a height, followed by a lot of pain in the legs. Signs (puffy, tender, distorted legs) are only very suggestive of fractures; it may not be completely damaged, and even if it is, certain types of fractures and degrees of dislocation need to be known, so practitioners order x-rays - and, for example, if x-rays are to show a cracked tibia, the film will become a diagnostic fracture.
Sample signs
See also
References
External links
- Who's Named It? Ã,: eponymous signs.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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