The Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) for the nineteenth-century section officially known as Imperial Civil Service , is an elite civil service higher than United Kingdom in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947.
Its members ruled over 300 million people in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Burma (then made up of British Raj). They are ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activities in 250 districts comprising British India. They are appointed under Section XXXII of the Government of India Act 1858, passed by the Royal Parliament of England. The ICS is headed by the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet.
Initially almost all of the top thousands of ICS members, known as "Civilians", were British, and had been trained in the best English schools. In 1905, five percent came from Bengal. In 1947 there were 322 Indians and 688 English members; most of which last left at the time of partition and independence.
Until the 1930s the Indians were in very little service and were not given high office by the British. Wainwright notes that in the mid-1880s, "the basis of racial discrimination in the sub-continent has solidified".
At the time of the birth of India and Pakistan in 1947, the ICS Government of India out divided between India and Pakistan. Though now prescribed differently, the contemporary Indian Civil Service, the Central Service of the Center of Pakistan, the Civil Service of Bangladesh and the Civil Service of Myanmar are all from the old Indian Civil Service.
Historians often judge the ICS, along with the rail system, the legal system, and the Indian Army, as one of the most important legacies of British rule in India.
Video Indian Civil Service (British India)
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From 1858, after the collapse of power of the East India Company in India, the British civil service took on its administrative responsibilities. Changes in government emerged because of the Indian Revolt of 1857, which nearly overthrew British rule in the country.
Entries and settings
Until 1853, the Directors of the British East India Company made the appointment of the listed civil servants by nomination. This nomination system was abolished in 1855 by Parliament in England and it was decided that the induction would go through a competitive examination of all British subjects, regardless of race.
The first entry into service is held only in London in August of each year. All candidates must also pass the mandatory riding test.
Competitive exams for entry into civil service are combined for Diplomatic, Home, India, and Colonial Services. Candidates must be between the ages of 21 and 24, giving each of the three entry opportunities. The total possible value in the test is 1,900. Candidates who have undergone one or two years of probation in the UK, according to whether they have taken the London or India test. This period is spent at the University of Oxford (Institute of India), University of Cambridge, University of London (including School of Oriental Studies) or Trinity College, Dublin, where a candidate studies Indian law and institutions, including criminal law and the Law of Evidence, which together provide knowledge of the income system, as well as read the history of India and learn the provincial language they have been commissioned.
The Early Nationalist, also known as Moderat, worked for several executions of various social reforms such as the appointment of the Public Service Commission and the House of Commons resolution (1893) allowing for simultaneous examination of Indian Civil Service in London and India.
In 1920, there were five methods of entry to higher civil service: first, open competitive examination in London; second, separate competence test in India; third, nominations in India to satisfy provincial and communal representatives; fourth, promotion of the Provincial Civil Service and lastly, the appointment of the bar (quarter of the post on the ICS must be filled from the bar).
Uniform and Dress
Queen Victoria has suggested that civil servants in India must have uniform formal attire, as well as their colleagues in the Colonial Service. However, the Council of India decided that prescribing uniforms would be an undue expense for their officials.
Although no uniforms were specified for the Indian Civil Service until the early 20th century. The only civilians who permit uniforms of clothing according to the rules are those who have different tasks of the political type to do, and thus are brought into a frequent and direct personal relationship with indigenous princes.
This uniform includes a blue coat with gold embroidery, a layer of black velvet, collars and cufflinks, blue cloth pants with gold and lace two inches wide, beaver beaded caps with black silk cockade and ostrich feathers, and swords.
Nature and role
Civil service is divided into two categories - agreement and infinity. The mandatory civil service consists only of white British civil servants who occupy higher positions in government. The undisclosed civil service was only introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians to the lower administrative ladder.
Maps Indian Civil Service (British India)
Pay and post
After the Indian Uprising of 1857, the pay scale was drawn up. Assistant Commissioners started in their early twenties around £ 300 per year. The governance of the provincial governor of England was the highest position desired by an ICS officer. The Governors at the top of the pyramid gets £ 6,000 and benefits. All ICS officers retire at the same pension Ã, £ 1,000. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the imbalance in salaries and honoraria was so great that 8,000 British officers earned £ 13,930,554, while 130,000 Indians in government service collectively paid a total of £ 3,284,163.
They serve a minimum of twenty five and a maximum service of thirty five years.
ICS officers serve as political officers in the Indian Political Department and are also given fifty percent of the judges in state high courts and the break is generally lifted from the high court bar. The period of office of ICS officials serving as high court judges and the Supreme Court is determined by the retirement age set for the judge.
Ranking/Civil Service Submission India (Imperial)
- Central Government
- Secretary for the Government of India
- Joint Secretary for Government of India
- Deputy Secretary
- Additional Deputy Secretary
- Under Secretary
- Assistant Secretary for Government of India
- Court
- High Court of Justice
- District Judge
- State Government
- Primary Secretary (United Kingdom)
- Secretary for State Government
- Division Commissioner
- Deputy Commissioner/District Collector
Changes after 1912
With the passage of the 1919 Indian Government Act, the Imperial Service, headed by the Secretary of State for India, is divided into two - All India Services and Service Centers.
Before the First World War, 95% of ICS officers were European; After the war, the British government faced difficulties in recruiting British candidates to the service. Fewer and fewer young people in the UK are interested in joining, mainly because of the decrease in compensation rates that can be gained compared to other careers. Faced with many vacancies, the government was forced to point directly; between 1915 and 1924, 80% of new UK ICS candidates entered service in this way. During the same period, 44% of new appointments to ICS were filled by Indians.
In 1922, Indian candidates were allowed to take the ICS exam in Delhi; in 1924, the Lee Commission, chaired by Arthur Lee, Viscount 1 Lee of Fareham (who eventually led the foundation of the Federal Public Service Commission and the Provincial Public Service Commission under the Indian Government Act, 1935) made several recommendations: ICS officers must receive and a more comprehensive level of compensation, the future batch of ICS officers must consist of 40% of Europeans and 40% of Indians, with the remaining 20% ​​of promises to be filled by Indian direct promotion from Provincial Civil Service (PCS) and examinations in Delhi and London is to produce the same number of ICS testers. In addition, less representation of candidates from minority Indians (Muslim, Burmese and so on) will be corrected by direct appointment of qualified candidates from those groups, while UK candidates will continue to have priority over Indians for the appointment of ICS. Although initially successful, the expansion of the Indian independence movement from the late 1920s resulted in the hardening of India's attitude towards European officers, and increased mistrust of Indian ICS designation among Indians. This results in a declining recruitment base in terms of quality and quantity.
All India and Class 1 of the Central Services are designated as Primary Services as early as 1924. From 1924 to 1934, the Administration in India comprised of "ten" All India Services and five central departments, all under the control of the Secretary Country to India, and 3 central departments under Provincial and Imperial Control together.
From the Government of 1935 India acts for Independence
Indian finance under British rule is heavily dependent on land taxes, and this became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became increasingly difficult to collect land income. The suppression of British civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of income agents, but after 1937 they were forced by the newly controlled provincial government to hand back the confiscated land. The outbreak of World War II reinforced them again, but in the face of the Quit India movement the income gatherers had to rely on military force, and in 1946-47 direct control of Britain quickly disappeared in many rural areas.
The outbreak of war in 1939 had direct consequences for recruitment to ICS. Trials in London were suspended after the batch of the year (12 Britons and eight Indian examinees) eligible. In 1940 and 1941, 12 and four British candidates, respectively, were nominated to ICS; the following year, the nominated final candidate in London, both Indians, entered the service. The examination continued in Delhi for Indian candidates until 1943, when the last seven ICS officers (seven examinees, two nominations) joined. At the moment, the British government feels it can no longer rely on the full loyalty of its Indian officers. During the period of the Provisional Government of India (1946-1947), several British candidates were given emergency appointments at ICS, although in the end none of them had served in India.
Indian Independence
At the time of the separation of India and the departure of England, in 1947, the Indian Civil Service was divided between the new Dominion of India and Pakistan. The part that goes to India is named Indian Administrative Service (IAS), while the part that goes to Pakistan is named "Civil Service Pakistan" (CSP). In 1947, there were 980 ICS officers. 468 are Europeans, 352 Hindus, 101 Muslims, two oppressed classes/Registered Caste, five Europeans who are domiciled and Anglo-Indians, 25 Indian Christians, 13 Persians, 10 Sikhs and four other communities. Most of the European officers left India at Partition, while many Hindus and Muslims went to India and Pakistan respectively. This sudden loss of cadre officials caused great challenges in managing newborn countries.
Despite an offer from the new Indian and Pakistani governments, almost all former ICS Europe officials leave the following partition, with the majority of those who do not opt ​​for retirement continue their careers either in British Civil Service or in other British colonial civil services. Some former British ICS officers remain, especially those who have chosen the "judicial side" of the ICS. The former British ICS officer still serving on the continent, Justice Donald Falshaw (ICS 1928), retired as Punjab High Court (now High Court of Punjab and Haryana) in 1966, received his knighthood in the 1967 New Year's British Award upon his return to England. Justice William Broome (ICS 1932), a district judge and session at the time of Independence in 1947, remains in Indian government service as a judge. After marrying an Indian, Swarup Kumari Gaur, in 1937, with whom he raised a family, he eventually abandoned British citizenship in 1958 and became an Indian citizen with personal interference of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, himself a former lawyer who regarded Broome as a prominent jurist and "just as Indian as anyone who was not born in India." After retiring on March 18, 1972 from Allahabad Superior Court as senior senior judge, Broome was the last of the last ICS officers from Europe to serve in India.
Nirmal Kumar Mukarji (ICS 1943), member of the last group recruited to the ICS and who retired as Cabinet Secretary in April 1980, was the last Indian administrative official who initially joined the ICS. The last retired ICS officer, Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi (also a member of the last ICS in 1943), retired as Chairman of the Pakistan Investment Board in 1994. In 2018, several former ICS officers remained alive, especially VK. Rao (born 1914, ICS 1937), a retired Chief of Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, who was the oldest recorded ICS officer.
Support and criticism
Dewey commented that "in their heyday they [Indian Civil Service officers] were mostly run by British people with some famous Hindu boys and even fewer Muslims were the most powerful officials in the Empire, if not the world. from a thousand strong men, ruling over 300 million Indians, and every civilian has 300,000 subjects, and every civilian penetrated every corner of his people's life, as the Indian Civil Service directs all Anglo-Indian state activities. "
ICS has a responsibility to maintain law and order, and often at odds with freedom fighters during the independence movement. Jawaharlal Nehru often makes fun of ICS for his support of British policy. He noted that someone once defined the Indian Civil Service, "which unfortunately we still suffer in this country, because it is not India, or civil, or service".
As Prime Minister, Nehru defended the organization and its main people, albeit with a title change to the "Indian Administrative Service". This continues its main role. Nehru appointed former ICS officials Chintaman Deshmukh as Finance Minister, and K.Ã, P.Ã, S. Menon as Foreign Minister. Sardar Patel appreciated their role in keeping India united after Partition, and noted in Parliament that without them, the country would collapse.
See also
- List of Indian Civil Service Indians
- Indian Civil Service
References
Notes
Further reading
- Blunt, Edward. The I.C.S.: Indian civil service (1937)
- Burra, Arudra. "The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity," Commonwealth & amp; Comparative Politics, Nov 2010, 48 # 4 pp 404-432
- Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitude: the mind of the Indian Civil Service (1993)
- Ewing, Ann. "Managing India: Indian Civil Service," History Today , June 1982, 32 # 6 pp 43-48, covering 1858-1947
- Gilmour, David. The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in Raj Victoria (2007) quote and text search
- Gould, William. "The Dual State: The Unruly 'Subordinate', Caste, Community and Civil Service Recruitment in North India, 1930-1955," Journal of Sociology of History, Mar-June 2007, Vol. 20 Problems 1/2, pp 13-43
- Krishna, Anirudh. "Continuity and change: Indian administrative services 30 years ago and today," Commonwealth & amp; Comparative Politics, Nov 2010, 48 # 4 pp 433-444
- MacMillan, Margaret. Raj Women: Mothers, Wives, and Princess of the United Kingdom in India (2007)
- Masani, Zareer. Indian Tales of the Raj (1990), interview with retired ICS officers about pre-1947 days
- Potter, David C. Political Political Administrators, 1919-1983 (1987) 289pp; standard scientific history
- Potter, David C. "The Last of the Indian Civil Service," South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (Apr 1979), Vol. 2nd Edition 1/2, pp 19-29
- Potter, David C. "Labor Shortage and End of Colonialism: The Case of Indian Civil Servants," Modern Asian Studies , (Jan 1973) 7 # 1 pp 47-73 at JSTOR
- Sharma, Malti. Indianization of civil services in British India, 1858-1935 (2001)
- Thakur, R.N. All Indian services: study of their origin & amp; growth (1969)
External links
- The Indian Civil Service
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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