Perception of emotion refers to the capacity and ability to recognize and identify emotions in others, in addition to the biological and physiological processes involved. Emotions are usually seen to have three components: subjective experience, physical changes, and cognitive judgments; the perception of emotion is the ability to make accurate decisions about the subjective experiences of others by interpreting their physical changes through the sensor system responsible for turning these observed changes into mental representations. The ability to feel emotion is believed to be innate and subject to environmental influences and is also an important component of social interaction. How emotions are experienced and interpreted depends on how they are perceived. Likewise, how emotions are felt depends on past experiences and interpretations. Emotions can be accurately felt in humans. Emotions can be perceived visually, audibly, through smell and also through body sensations and this process is believed to be different from the perception of non-emotional material.
Video Emotion perception
Perceptual mode
Emotions can be felt through visual, auditory, olfactory, and physiological sensory processes. Nonverbal actions can provide social partners with information about subjective and emotional states. This nonverbal information is believed to have an important and sensory system of particular and specific brain regions suspected of specializing in decoding emotional information for rapid and efficient processing.
Visual
The visual system is the main mode of perception for the way people receive emotional information. People use emotional cues displayed by social partners to make decisions about their affective states. Emotional cues can be in the form of a facial expression, which is actually a combination of many different muscle groups in the face, or posture (alone or in relation to others), or found through interpretations of situations or environments known to have certain emotional properties (eg. , funerals, weddings, war zones, scary alleys, etc.). While the visual system is the means by which emotional information is collected, it is a cognitive interpretation and evaluation of information that provides emotional value, collects appropriate cognitive resources, and then initiates physiological responses. This process is not at all exclusive to visual perception and in fact may overlap significantly with other perceptual modes, showing an emotional sensory system consisting of multiple perceptual processes that are all processed through similar channels.
Facial perception
Much of the research done on the perception of emotion revolves around how people feel the emotion in the facial expressions of others. Whether the emotions contained in a person's face are classified categorically or along the dimensions of valence and passion, the face provides a reliable cue to one's subjective emotional state. The human sefisien in identifying and recognizing emotions on other people's faces, the accuracy goes down for most of the emotions, with the exception of happiness, when facial features are reversed (ie, mouth placed over the eyes and nose), suggesting that the main means of facial perception include the identification of the spatial features resembles a prototypical face, so that two eyes are placed above the nose above the mouth; Other formation features do not directly form the face and require additional spatial manipulation to identify features like resembling a face.
Discrete versus dimension view
Research on the perceived classification of emotion has centered around the debate between two fundamentally different points of view. One side of the debate argues that emotions are separate and separate entities while others argue that emotions can be classified as values ​​in valence dimension (positive versus negative) and passion (calm/cooling interesting/exciting opponents). Psychologist Paul Ekman supports a different emotional perspective with his innovative work that compares the perceptions of emotion and expression between literary and preliterate cultures. Ekman concludes that the ability to produce and feel emotions is universal and innate and that emotions manifest categorically as basic emotions (anger, contempt, fear, happiness, sadness, humiliation, surprise, and perhaps humiliation). An alternative dimension view garnered support from psychologist James Russell, best known for his contribution to emotional circles. Russell describes emotion as a construct that lies in the dimension of valence and passion and it is a combination of values ​​that describe emotions. Psychologist Robert Plutchik seeks to reconcile these views and proposes that certain emotions are considered "main emotions" grouped positively or negatively and can then be combined to form more complex emotions, sometimes considered "secondary emotions," such as regret , guilt, submission, and anticipation. Plutchik creates an "emotional wheel" to describe his theory.
Culture
Culture plays an important role in the perception of emotion, especially in facial perception. Although facial features convey important information, the top (eye/eyebrow) and lower (mouth/nose) faces have different qualities that can provide consistent and conflicting information. Because the values, etiquette, and quality of social interactions vary across cultures, facial perception is believed to be moderated. In western culture, where emotions are open everywhere, emotional information is primarily obtained from looking at the features of the mouth, which is the most expressive part of the face. However, in eastern cultures, where open emotional expression is less common and therefore the mouth plays a lower role in emotional expression, emotional information is more often obtained from seeing the upper regions of the face, especially the eyes. This cultural difference shows a strong environmental and learning component in emotional expression and emotional perception.
Context
Although facial expressions convey the ultimate emotional information, the context also plays an important role in providing additional emotional information and modulating what emotions are actually felt in facial expressions. Context comes in three categories: context-based stimulus, where the face is physically presented with other sensory inputs that have value information; sense-based context, in which the process within the brain or the body of a sensing can form a perception of emotion; and cultural contexts that influence the coding or understanding of facial actions.
Auditory
The hearing system can provide important emotional information about the environment. Voice, screams, whispers, and music can convey emotional information. The emotional interpretation of the sound tends to be fairly consistent. Traditionally, the perception of emotion in sound has been determined through analyzing research studies, through prosodic parameters such as pitch and duration, the way in which the speaker expresses emotion, known as encoding. Or, a listener who tries to identify a particular emotion as intended by the speaker can solve emotions. More sophisticated methods include manipulating or synthesizing important prosodic parameters in speech signals (eg, pitch, duration, loudness, sound quality) in both natural affective and simulated speech. Pitch and duration tend to contribute more to emotional recognition than loudness. Music has long been known to have an emotional quality and is a popular strategy in emotional regulation. When asked to assess the emotions present in classical music, music professionals can identify all six basic emotions with the happiness and sadness most represented, and in reducing the order of importance, anger, fear, surprise and disgust. The emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, and peace can be felt in a short time, at least 9-16 seconds including the choice of instrumental music alone.
olfactory
Aroma and aroma also affect mood, for example through aromatherapy, and humans can extract emotional information from the scent only from facial expressions and emotional music. Odor can have an effect through learning and conscious perception, so responses usually associated with a particular odor are learned through association with appropriate emotional experiences. Deep research has documented that the emotions generated by smells, both pleasant and unpleasant, affect the same physiological correlation of emotions seen with other sensory mechanisms.
Somatic
Emotional theories have focused on perceptions, subjective experiences, and judgments. Theories that dominate emotions and emotional perceptions include what kind of feelings are felt, how emotions are perceived somatically, and at what stage an emotional event is perceived and translated into subjective subjective experience.
James-Lange Theory
Following the influence of Renà © ¨ Descartes and his ideas on divisions between body and mind, in 1884 William James proposed the theory that not the human body acts in response to our emotional states, as might be suggested by common sense, but rather, we interpret the emotions we are on the basis of our existing state of the body. In James's words, "we feel sad because we are crying, angry because we are attacking, scared because we are trembling, and we are not crying, attacking, or trembling because we are sorry, angry, or scared, as it may be." James believes it is a special and distinct physical pattern that maps to specific emotions experienced. Simultaneously, psychologist Carl Lange arrived at the same conclusion about the emotional experience. Thus, the idea of ​​emotion is the result of observing the specific pattern of the body's response called the James-Lange emotional theory. To support James-Lange's emotional theory, Silvan Tomkins proposed a facial feedback hypothesis in 1963; he suggested that facial expressions actually trigger an emotional experience and not the other way around. The theory was tested in 1974 by James Laird in an experiment in which Laird asked participants to hold a pencil either between their teeth (artificially producing a smile) or between their upper lip and their nose (artificially producing wrinkles) and then judging cartoons. Laird found that this cartoon was judged more fun by the participants holding a pencil between their teeth. In addition, Paul Ekman notes extensive physiological data while participants exhibit their basic emotional facial expressions and find that the heart rate raised for sadness, fear, and anger has not changed to al for happiness, surprise, or disgust, and the skin temperature increases when participants bring out anger but no other emotions. While contemporary psychologists still agree with James-Lange's emotional theory, human subjective emotions are complex and physical reactions or predecessors do not fully explain subjective emotional experiences.
Cannon-Bard's emotional theory
Walter Bradford Cannon and his doctoral student Philip Bard agree that physiological responses play an important role in emotion, but do not believe that physiological responses alone can explain subjective emotional experiences. They argue that physiological responses are too slow relative to the relatively quick and intense subjective consciousness of emotions and that these emotions are often similar and invisible to people on short time scales. Cannon proposes that mind and body operate independently in emotional experience in such a way that different areas of the brain (cortex versus subcortex) process information from stimuli that generate emotions independently and together produce emotional and physical responses. This is best illustrated by imagining encounters with grizzly bears; You will simultaneously experience fear, start sweating, have a high heart rate, and try to run. All of these things will happen at the same time.
Two-factor theory
Stanley Schachter and his doctoral student Jerome Singer formulated their emotional theory based on evidence that without a stimulus that produces real emotion, one can not attribute certain emotions to the state of their bodies. They believe that there must be a cognitive component to emotional perception beyond that only physical changes and subjective feelings. Schachter and Singer suggest that when a person finds a stimulus that produces emotion, they will soon recognize their body symptoms (sweating and increased heart rate in the case of grizzly bears) as emotional fears. Their theory was designed as a result of a study in which participants were injected with either a stimulant (adrenaline) that caused increased heart rate, sweaty and trembling palms, or a placebo. Participants are then told what the effects of the drug are or are not informed of, and then placed in a room with someone they do not know who, according to the research plan, will play hula hoops and make paper airplanes (euphoric conditions) or ask intimate participants, personal questions (angry conditions). What they found was that participants who knew what effect the drug was attributed to their physical state to the effects of the drug; However, those who are not knowledgeable about the drugs they receive relate their physical state to the situation with others in the room. These results lead to the conclusion that physiological reactions contribute to emotional experiences by facilitating focused cognitive assessment of a physiologically generating event and that this assessment is what defines subjective emotional experiences. Such emotions result from a two-stage process: first, the physiological arousal in response to a stimulating stimulus, and secondly, cognitive elaboration of the context in which the stimulus occurs.
Maps Emotion perception
Nerve base
Emotional perception is primarily a cognitive process that is driven by certain brain systems that are believed to specialize in identifying emotional information and then allocating appropriate cognitive resources to prepare the body to respond. The relationship between the various regions remains unclear, but some key areas have been involved in certain aspects of perception and emotion processing including areas suspected of involvement in facial processing and emotional information.
Fusiform face area
The area of ​​the fusiform face, part of the fusiform gyrus is an area believed to have specialized in the identification and processing of human faces, although others suspect that it is responsible for distinguishing between famous objects such as cars and animals. Neuroimaging studies have found activation in this area in response to participants who saw prototypical facial images, but did not scramble or reverse, suggesting that this area is specialized for processing human faces but not other materials. This area has become an increasingly debated area and while some psychologists may approach the fusiform facial area in a simple way, because it specializes in human face processing, it is more likely that this area is involved in the visual processing of many objects, especially those familiar and prevalent in the environment. Disorders in the ability to recognize subtle differences in the face will greatly hamper perception and processing of emotions and have significant implications that involve social interaction and appropriate biological responses to emotional information.
HPA Axis
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) plays a role in the perception of emotion through mediation of physiological stress responses. This occurs through the release of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, also known as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), from the nerve terminals in the median eminence arising in the paraventricular nucleus, which stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary which in turn induces release. cortisol from the adrenal cortex. The progressive process culminating in the release of glucocorticoids into environmental stimuli is believed to be initiated by the amygdala, which evaluates the emotional significance of the observed phenomenon. The released glucocorticoids provide negative feedback on the system as well as the hippocampus, which in turn regulates the closure of this biological stress response. Through this response information is encoded as an emotional response and the body begins, making the HPA axis an important component of emotional perception.
Amygdala
The amygdala seems to have a special role in paying attention to emotional stimulation. The amygdala is a small almond-shaped area in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe. Several studies of non-human primates and patients with amygdala lesions, in addition to studies using functional neuroimaging techniques, have demonstrated the importance of the amygdala in face identification and eye-gaze. Other studies have emphasized the importance of the amygdala for the identification of emotional expressions displayed by others, especially emotions associated with threats such as fear, but also sorrow and happiness. In addition, the amygdala is involved in responses to the appearance of non-facial emotions, including ominous auditory, olfactory and gustatory stimuli, and in memory for emotional information. The amygdala receives information from the thalamus and cortex; the information from the thalamus is rough in detail and the amygdala receives this very quickly, while the information from the cortex is much more detailed but is received more slowly. In addition, the role of the amygdala in modulating attention to specific emotional stimuli may occur through projection from the central core of amygdala neurons to cholinergic, which lowers the threshold of cortical neuronal activation and potentiates the processing of cortical information.
Irregular emotional perception
There are large individual differences in emotional perception and certain groups of people display abnormal processes. Some disorders are partially classified by maladaptive and abnormal emotional perceptions while others, such as mood disorders, exhibit congruent mood-emotional processes. Whether the abnormal process leads to an exacerbation of a particular disorder or is the result of this disorder is unclear; however, difficulties or deficits in emotional perception are common among various disorders.
Research that investigates facial and emotional perceptions in autistic individuals can not be inferred. Previous research has found a typical and gradual facial deformation strategy among autistic individuals and better memory for lower areas than the top of the face and increased ability to identify some obscure faces. Autistic individuals tend to show a deficit in social motivation and experience that can degrade the overall experience with the face and this in turn can lead to abnormal cortical specialization for the face and decreased processing efficiency. However, these results have not been adequately replicated and meta-analyzes have found little or no differential facial treatment among normally autistic and autistic individuals although autistic individuals reliably display a worse facial memory and eye perception that may mediate the face and the likelihood of emotional perception. Individuals with schizophrenia also have difficulty with all kinds of facial expressions of facial expression, incorporating contextual information in making affective decisions, and indeed, facial perception is more common. Neuropathological and structural neuroimaging studies in these patients have demonstrated abnormal nerve cell integrity and volume reduction in the amygdala, insula, thalamus and hippocampus and studies using neuro functional imaging techniques have demonstrated a failure to activate the limbic region in response to emotional stimuli, all of which may contribute to impaired psychosocial function.
In patients with major depressive disorder, studies have shown general or specific disorders in the identification of emotional facial expressions, or biases against the identification of expressions as sad. Neuro-pathological and structural neuroimaging studies in patients with major depressive disorders have demonstrated abnormalities in subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus and volume reduction in the hippocampus, ventral striatal region and amygdala.
Similarly, anxiety has been generally associated with individuals who are capable of perceiving threats when they are not, and faster oriented to threatening cues than any other gesture. Anxiety has been attributed to increased orientation to threats, maintenance of late-stage attention to threats, or perhaps avoidance of vigilance, or improved early-stage diversion and next-generation avoidance. As a form of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has also been linked to abnormal attention to threatening information, in particular, threatening stimuli associated with relevant personal trauma, making such bias in an appropriate context, but from a context, maladaptive. Such emotional processes can alter an individual's ability to accurately judge the emotions of others as well. Mothers with violent PTSD have been noted to show a decrease in prefrontal medial cortical activation in response to seeing their own and unknown children in a state of helpless or suppressed mind that is also related to the severity of maternal PTSD symptoms, self-reported parental stress, and difficulty. in identifying emotions and which, in turn, impact sensitive concerns. In addition, child abuse and child abuse have been linked to emotional processing biases as well, especially to the special emotions of experiences. Research has found that abused children show a biased interest in angry faces so that they tend to interpret even ambiguous faces as angry than other emotions and have difficulty escaping from such expressions while research others have found abused children to show the avoidance of attention from angry faces. It is believed to be adaptive to present to angry emotions as this may be a precursor of danger and danger and the rapid identification of even mild anger cues can facilitate the ability for a child to escape from a situation, however, the bias is considered maladaptive when angry. too identified in an inappropriate context and this can lead to psychopathological development.
Research method
Researchers use several methods designed to examine the bias against emotional stimuli to determine the meaning of certain emotional stimuli, population differences in emotional perceptions, and also bias attention to or away from emotional stimuli. Commonly used tasks include modified Stroop tasks, dot probe tasks, visual search tasks, and spatial cuing tasks. Stroop tasks, or modified Stroop tasks, display different types of words (e.g., threatening and neutral) in different colors. Participants are then asked to identify the word color while ignoring the actual semantic content. Increased response time to show the color of threatening words relative to neutral words indicates a bias of attention to the threat. Task Stroop, however, has some interpretation difficulties in addition to the lack of allowance for spatial measurable allocation measurements. To overcome some of the limitations of the Stroop task, dot probe tasks display two words or images on a computer screen (either one above or left and the other below or right, respectively) and after a brief stimulus presentation, often less than 1000ms, the probe appears at the location of one of the two stimuli and the participants are required to press a button indicating the probe location. Different response times between targets (eg, threats) and neutral stimuli conclude attention bias toward target information with shorter response times when the probe is in place of target stimuli indicating a bias of interest for that type of information. In another task that examines the allocation of spatial attention, the visual search task asks participants to detect the target stimuli embedded in the distractor matrix (eg, angry face among some neutral emotional faces or vice versa or vice versa). Faster detection times for finding emotional stimuli between neutral stimuli or slower detection times to find neutral stimuli among the emotional distractors conclude attention bias for such stimuli. The spatial task of the cuing asks participants to focus on a point that lies between two rectangles at which a gesture point is presented, either in the form of one of the glowing rectangles or the emotional stimuli that appear in one of the rectangles and this gesture directs attention toward or away from the actual target stimulus location. Participants then press a button that indicates the location of the target stimulus with a faster response time indicating the biased attention to the stimulus.
See also
References
External links
- Online Demo: Emotional recognition from speech, University of Patras, Cable Communication Lab
- Face Emotion Expression Lab
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Emotional Theories
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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