A academic discipline or academic field is the branch of knowledge. It combines expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, research, investigations, and research fields that are strongly linked to a particular scholastic field or departmental department. For example, the branch of science is commonly referred to as a scientific discipline, such as physics, mathematics, and biology.
Individuals associated with academic disciplines are usually referred to as experts or specialists . Others, who may have studied liberal arts or systems theory rather than concentrate in a particular academic discipline, are classified as generalists .
While academic disciplines within and among themselves are less focused practices, scientific approaches such as multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and cross-disciplinary integrate aspects of various academic disciplines, thereby addressing problems that may arise from a narrow concentration in the field special studies. For example, professionals may have difficulty communicating across academic disciplines due to differences in language or specific concepts.
Some researchers believe that academic discipline can be replaced by what is known as Mode 2 or "post-academic science", which involves the acquisition of interdisciplinary knowledge through the collaboration of specialists from various academic disciplines.
Video Discipline (academia)
Sejarah konsep
The University of Paris in 1231 consists of four faculties: Theology, Medicine, Law and Art of Canon.
Educational institutions initially use the term "discipline" to categorize and archive new and widespread information generated by the scientific community. Disciplinary determination came from the University of Germany during the early nineteenth century.
Most academic disciplines are rooted in university secularization in the mid to late nineteenth century, when the traditional curriculum is complemented by non-classical languages ​​and literature, social sciences such as political science, economics, sociology and public administration, and natural and technological disciplines such as physics, chemistry , biology, and engineering.
At the beginning of the 20th century, new academic disciplines such as education and psychology were added. In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines that focused on certain themes, such as media studies, women's studies, and Africana studies. Many academic disciplines designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as nursing, hospitality management, and corrections, also appear in universities. Finally, areas of interdisciplinary scientific studies such as biochemistry and geophysics are well known for their contributions to knowledge being widely recognized.
As the twentieth century drew closer, this appointment was gradually adopted by another country and became the accepted conventional subject. However, this title differs between different countries. In the 20th century, the disciplines of natural sciences include: physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy. Social science disciplines include: economics, politics, sociology, and psychology.
Prior to the twentieth century, the categories were general and broad, which was expected because of a lack of interest in science at the time. With rare exceptions, science practitioners tend to be amateurs and are referred to as "natural historians" and "natural philosophers" - labels derived from Aristotle - rather than "scientists". Natural history refers to what we now call biological science and natural philosophy which refers to today's physical sciences.
Few opportunities exist for science as work outside the education system. Higher education provides institutional structures for scientific inquiry, as well as economic support. Immediately, the volume of scientific information increased rapidly and people realized the importance of concentrating on smaller areas of scientific activity. Because of this, scientific specialization emerges. As this specialization evolves, modern scientific disciplines at universities are also increasing. Finally, the identified academic discipline becomes the foundation for people with special interests and expertise.
Maps Discipline (academia)
Functions and criticism
A very influential critique of the concept of academic discipline comes from Michel Foucault in his 1975 book, Discipline and Punishment. Foucault asserts that the academic discipline derives from the same social movements and control mechanisms that constituted modern prisons and correctional systems in 18th-century France, and this fact reveals an important aspect they continue to possess: "Discipline characterizes, classifies, specializes, they distribute along scale, around norms, hierarchical individuals in relation to each other and, if necessary, disqualify and undo. "(Foucault, 1975/1979, p 223.)
Community academic discipline
Community academic disciplines can be found outside of academia within companies, government agencies, and independent organizations, where they take the form of professional associations with special interests and knowledge. Such communities include corporate think tanks, NASA, and IUPAC. Such communities exist to benefit organizations affiliated with them by providing new ideas, research, and special findings.
Countries at different stages of development will find the need for different academic disciplines during different growth times. Newly developed countries are likely to prioritize governmental and political affairs rather than art and science. On the other hand, a well-developed country may be able to invest more in art and science. The community of academic disciplines will contribute to different levels of interest during various stages of development.
Interactions
These categories explain how different academic disciplines interact with each other.
Multidisciplin
Multidisciplinary knowledge is associated with more than one academic discipline or profession.
A multidisciplinary community or project consists of people from various academic and professional disciplines. These people are engaged in cooperation as equitable stakeholders in overcoming common challenges. A multidisciplinary person is a person with a degree from two or more academic disciplines. One person can replace two or more people in a multidisciplinary community. Over time, multidisciplinary work usually does not lead to an increase or decrease in the number of academic disciplines. One key question is how well the challenges can be broken down into subparts, and then handled through the knowledge that is distributed across the community. Lack of shared vocabulary between people and communication costs can sometimes be a problem in these communities and projects. If challenges of a particular type need to be repeatedly addressed so that each can be properly described, multidisciplinary communities can be very efficient and effective.
There are many examples of certain ideas that appear in different academic disciplines, all of which occur at about the same time. One example of this scenario is the shift from the focusing approach to the entire sensory consciousness, "attention to" the total field of ' "," the sense of the whole pattern, shape and function. as a whole, "an" integral idea of ​​structure and configuration. "This has occurred in art (in the form of cubism), physics, poetry, communication, and educational theory.According to Marshall McLuhan, this paradigm shift is caused by part of the mechanization era, which carries sequentiality, into an era of instantaneous electrical velocity, which brings synchrony.
This multidisciplinary approach also encourages people to help shape future innovations. The political dimension in forming new multidisciplinary partnerships to solve the so-called Great Community Challenges is presented in the Innovation Union and within the Framework Program of Europe, Horizon's operational overview 2020. Cross-disciplinary innovations are considered crucial to creating new products, systems and processes for the interests of all the growth and prosperity of the people. Regional examples such as Biopeople and industry-academia initiatives in translational medicine such as SHARE.ku.dk in Denmark provide evidence of the success of multidisciplinary innovation efforts and facilitation of paradigm shifts.
Interdisciplinary
"Interdisciplinary activities on campus are everyday modes of research (or study) in which, to do the best work, the work of each researcher demands the use of ideas, concepts, materials or instruments from one or more other disciplines.This kind of research is usually directed to a specific destination or mission. "
Transdisciplinary
In practice, transdisciplinary can be considered as the unification of all interdisciplinary efforts. While interdisciplinary teams may create new knowledge that lies between several existing disciplines, the transdisciplinary team is more holistic and seeks to link all disciplines into a coherent whole.
Cross-discipline
Cross-disciplinary knowledge is what explains aspects of one discipline in another. A common example of an interdisciplinary approach is the study of the physics of music or literary politics.
Study bibliometric disciplines
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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