Spanish pronouns

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Spanish pronouns in some ways function quite differently from their English counterparts. The subject pronoun is often omitted, and the object pronoun can appear either as proclitics that come before the verb or attachment is attached to the end of it in different linguistic environments. There is also regional variation in the use of pronouns, especially the informal use of a single second person vos and a plural informal second person vosotros .

Video Spanish pronouns

Pronomina pribadi

Personal pronouns in Spanish have different forms according to whether they stand for subjects (nominative), direct objects (accusative), indirect objects (dative), or reflexive objects. Some further pronouns have a special form that is used after the preposition. Spanish is a pro-drop language with respect to subject pronouns. Like French and other languages ​​with T-V differences, modern Spanish has a distinction in the second person pronounce which has no equivalent in modern English. The object pronouns are generally proclitic, and the non-empathetic clitic duplication is most commonly found with indigenous clitics. The pronoun "vos" is used in some areas of Latin America, particularly in Central America, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, the states of Zulia in Venezuela, and the Andean region of Colombia, Bolivia, PerÃÆ'º and Ecuador.

The table below shows the cumulative list of pronouns people from Peninsular, Latin America and Ladino Spain. Ladino or Judaeo-Spanish, spoken by the Sephardic Jews, is different from the Latin American and Spanish Peninsula because it maintains a rather old-fashioned form and the use of a pronoun.

¹ Only in countries with voseo
² Especially in Spain

Note: usted and ustedes , above, are third persons grammatically, although they are second semantically. See the Spanish pronoun for more information on this, and on regional variations of the use of pronouns.

Maps Spanish pronouns

demonstrative pronoun

• Near the speaker ("this"): ÃÆ' Â © ste, ÃÆ' Â © sta, esto, ÃÆ' Â © stos, ÃÆ' Â © stas (from Latin ISTE, ISTA, ISTVD )
• Close the listener ("it"): ÃÆ' Â © se, ÃÆ' Â © sa, eso, ÃÆ' Â © sos, ÃÆ' Â © sas (from the Latin IPSE, IPSA, IPSVM )
• Away from the speaker and the listener ("it (there)"): aquà © l, aquÃÆ'  © lla, aquello, aquÃÆ'  © llos, aquà © Ã… © llas (from Latin * ECCVM ILLE, * ECCVM ILLA, * ECCVM ILLVD )

According to a decision by Real Academia in the 1960s, accents in these forms were only used when necessary to avoid ambiguity with demonstrative determinators. However, normal education standards are still as above. Foreign students can safely follow the standards. Further there is never an accent on the neutral form esto , eso and aquello , which does not have an equivalent determiner.

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Relative pronoun

The main main pronoun in Spanish is que , from Latin QVID . Others include el cual , quien , and donde .

Que

Que includes "the", "who", "who", "who" and the null pronoun in the subject function and the relative direct-object pronoun:

• La carta que te envià ©  © family era = "The letter I sent you long" (a limited person pronoun referring to direct object)
• La carta, que te envià ©  ©, family era = "Letters I send you long" (non-restrictive pronouns referring directly to objects)
• La gente que no sabe leer ni escribir se llama analfabeta = "People who can not read or write are called illiterate" (word replace relative referring to the subject)
• Personality, que conozco muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, can not be trusted" (not limiting relative pronouns refer to the direct object)

Note from the last example that is different from other relative pronouns, personal a should not be used with que when used as a private direct object.

El que

When que is used as a preposition object, a definitive article is added to it, and the resulting form ( el que ) affects the number and gender, resulting in the form el que , la que , los que , las que and my neuter lo que

Ella es la persona a la que le di el dinero = "He is the person who I give money for"/"He is people I give money "

Es el camino por el que caminabais = "This is the path you all go with"/"This is the path where you are all walking"

In the style of some people's talk, articles that can certainly be removed after a , con and de in the usage, especially when the predecessor is abstract or neutral:

• La aspereza con [la] que la trataba = "The hard attitude he treated him"
• No tengo tone en [lo] que creer = "I do not have anything to trust"/"I do not have anything to believe"

After en , articles that are likely to be omitted if the exact spatial location is not intended:

• Lo hiciste de la misma forma en que lo hizo ÃÆ' Â © l = "You do it the same way he/she does it "(notice also how" in "with the word forma is translated as de when used directly, but later changed to id when used with pronouns relative)
• La casa en que vivo = "The house where I live" (reverse from La casa en la que estoy encerrado = "The house within which I am trapped")

Lo que

When used without proper antecedents, lo que has a slightly different meaning than el que , and is usually used as a connotation of "that" or "what":

• Lo que hiciste malo era = "What are you doing bad"
• Lo que creÃÆ' no es correcto = "What I believe is not true"

El cual

The pronoun el cual can replace [el] que . It's generally more tender and formal than [el] que , and always includes sure articles. It comes from the Latin QVALIS , and has the following forms: el cual , la cual , los cuales >, las cuales , and the neutral lo cual . It can be used as a formal and decisive substitute for que in undefined clauses, for subject and direct object, and it can also be used as a formal and decisive substitute for el que. as the object of some prepositions. Moreover, it is often preferred over el que completely in certain contexts. In a clause that does not explain, the fact that it agrees to the gender and the number can make it clearer for what it refers to. The fact that it can not be used as a subject or object directly in defining clauses also makes it clear that the clause that defines is not intended:

• Los niÃÆ' Â ± os y sus madres, las cuales eran de Valencia, I am impresionaron = "Children and their mothers, originally from Valencia , impressed me "( los cuales will refer to children as well and not just their mothers)

When used as a personal direct object, personal a should be used:

• persona, a la cual conozco yo muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I am very familiar with, should not be trusted"

In such situations and the word preposition of a single word, the use of el cual is generally purely a high-style problem. It is used sparingly in Spanish, and strangers should avoid using it excessively:

• Es el asunto al cual se referÃÆ'a Vd. = "This is your issue"

In more everyday styles, these can be described as:

• Es el asunto al que te referÃÆ'as = "This is your problem"

Setelah preposisi multisamping give preposisional frasa ( despite , under , because of , dll.), Bagaimanapun, which sering dipilih seluruhnya:

• A régime under which is to live yang mustahil = "A rà © gime di mana tidak mungkin untuk hidup"
• These clusters, two detriment of which ... = "Klausul-klausul ini, meskipun yang..."

El cual is generally preferred wholly when, as the object of a preposition, it is separated from its antecedents by the intervening words. The more words that intervene, the more use el cual is practically mandatory:

• Es un billete con el que se puede viajar [...] pero por el cual se paga sÃÆ'³lo 2EUR = "This is the ticket with which you can travel [...] but you pay only EUR2 "

Cual

The nudes cual are used as relative adjectives ("where meaning", "with which person", etc.), which affects only the numbers:

• en cual caso = "in this case"
• a cual tiempo = "at which point"
• cuales cosas = "which"

Quiet

The pronoun quien comes from the Latin QVEM , "who", accusative QVIS , "who".

It can also replace [el] que under certain circumstances. Like the English pronouns "who" and "who", it can only be used to refer people.

It does not change for gender, and initially does not change for the numbers. However, by analogy with other words, the form quienes was created. Calm as the plural survive as arch of what is now considered nonstandard.

For subject

It can represent the subject. In this case, it is rather formal and is largely confined to clauses that do not define.

Unlike el cual , it does not slip for gender, but it's inflect for the number, and it also specifies that it refers to someone:

• Los niÃÆ' Â ± os con sus mochilas, quienes eran de Valencia, I'm impresionaron = "Kids with their backpacks, coming from Valencia, impressed me "(The use of quienes makes it clear that los niÃÆ' Â ± os is referenced; que can refer to a rucksack, a child, or both , los cuales will refer to children or both, and las cuales will only refer to the backpack)

As the object of the preposition

Tenang sangat umum sebagai objek proposisi ketika klausulnya tidak menentukan, tetapi juga mungkin dalam mendefinisikan klausa:

• She is the person to whom I gave her the money = "Dia adalah orang yang saya beri uang"
• JosÃÆ'Â ©, thanks to whom I have the money, it is very generous = "JosÃÆ'Â ©, terima kasih kepada siapa saya punya uang, sangat murah hati"

Where , to where , as they give when

Donde ultimately is a combination of an outdated onde outline ("from where" or "from which") and the preposition de . Onde is from the Latin VNDE , which also means "from where" or "from where", and for centuries it loses the meaning of "from" and only means "in where "" This means that, to say "where" or "where of", the preposition de should be added, and this gives d'onde . > d'onde is again eroded from time to time until it means only "where", and the preposition must therefore be added once again This raises the use of modern donde for "where" and a donde to "to place", among others. Note that all this means that, etymologically, de donde is a rather exaggerated word "from where" and a donde is a somewhat contrasting word "from where." This tendency even goes further with the vulgar ande (of adonde ), which often used to mean "where" as well.In the Ladino dialect ba hasa Spanish, the pronoun onde is still in use, where donde still means "from where" or "from where", and in Latin America, remote communities and rural areas retain this too.

Como is from QVOMODO , "how", ablative QVI MODVS , "in what way".

Cuando is from QVANDO , "when".

Location and movement

Donde can be used instead of other relative pronouns when the location is referenced. Adonde is a variant that can be used when movement to a location is intended:

• El lugar en que / id el que / en el cual / donde estoy = "Where I am"/"Where I am"
• Voy a [l lnl] donde estÃÆ'¡ Ã © Ã © l = Voy al lugar en el que estÃÆ'¡ Ã < Â © l = "I will go [where] where he is"
• IrÃÆ' Â © [al lugar] adonde I lleven = Ir al © © al lugar al que I lleven = "I will go wherever they take me"/"I will go to whatever place they bring to me"

Manner

Como can be used instead of other relative pronouns when this is referred to:

• La forma/manera en que / en la que / como reaccionasteis = "the way/where/how you react "( en que is the most common and natural, such as" it "or the zero pronoun in English, but como is possible, as "how" in English)

Note that mismo is likely to require que :

• Lo dijo del mismo modo que lo dije yo = "He said it the same way I did"

Time

Cuando tend to override the use of other relative pronouns when referenced, usually in a clause that does not explain.

Not specify

En agosto, cuando la gente tiene vacaciones, la ciudad estarÃÆ'¡ vacÃÆ'a = "In August, when people were on vacation, city ​​will be empty "

Define

• SÃÆ'³lo salgo los dÃÆ'as [en] que no trabajo = "I only spend days when I am not working"

Note that only que , or at most en que , is normal by defining a time-referenced clause. En el que and cuando are less frequent.

Cuyo

"Cuyo" is an equivalent formal Spanish for the English pronoun "yang." However, the "cuyo" affects the gender and number ( cuyos (m. Pl.), cuya (f.sg.), Or cuyas (f. pl.)) corresponds to the preceding word. As an example:

• Alejandro es un estudiante cuy as calificacion es child siempre buenas = "Alejandro is a student whose value is always good"

"cuyo" in this example has changed to "cuyas" to match the following word conditions, "calificaciones" (f. pl.)

In Ancient Spanish there are interrogative forms, ca Âyoyo , ca Âyaya , ca ºos , and ca  fi , which is no longer in use.

In practice, is provided for the formal language. A periphrasis like Alejandro is a student who always has good grades is more common. Alejandro is a student whose value is always good can also be found even if they are not approved by the prescribing giver.

Cuyo is from CVIVS ​​â € <â € <, the genitive (possessive) form of QVI .

Note about pronouns and interrogations

Change pronouns are relatively frequent to have the appropriate questionnaire. For example:

• Ã,¿ QuÃÆ'Â © es esto? = " What is this ?"

Here is the book que I distel = "It is the book that you gave me"

In the second line, que helps to answer what is requested quÃÆ'Â © , the definition of "this".

Below is a list of pronouns and interrogative phrases with the accompanying relative pronoun:

• QuÃÆ' Â © - what, que - that, which
• QuiÃÆ' Â © n - who, who (after the preposition), quien - who, who (after the preposition)

a quien - who (direct object), to whom

De quiÃÆ' Â © n - which, among other things, cuyo - which, among them

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Note

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References

• Butt, John; & amp; Benjamin, Carmen (1994). New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Second Edition). English: Edward Arnold. ISBNÃ, 0-340-58390-8
• GarcÃÆ'a, ÃÆ' â € ° rica C (1975). The Role of Theory in Linguistic Analysis: The Spanish Pronoun System . Amsterdam-Oxford: North Holland. ISBNÃ, 0-444-10940-4

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External links

• Attachment: Spanish pronunciation in Wiktionary.

Source of the article : Wikipedia