In linguistics, conjugation ( ) is the creation of a derivative form of the verb from the main parts by inflection (change of form according to the rules of grammar). Conjugation can be influenced by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, case, and other grammatical categories such as ownership, certainty, modesty, cause, clusivity, interrogation, transitivity, valence, polarity, telisik, , evidence, animation, associativity, pluractionality, reciprocity, agreement, polypersonal agreement, merging, noun class, noun classifier, and verb classification in several languages. Agglutinative and polysynthetic languages ​​tend to have the most complex conjugations although some fusional languages ​​like Archi can also have very complex conjugations. Usually the main part is the root and/or some modification of it (stem). All the different forms of the same verb form the lexeme, and the canonical form of a verb that is conventionally used to represent the lexeme (as seen in the dictionary entry) is called lemma.
The term conjugation applies only to the inflection of the verb, and not to any other part of the word (inflection of nouns and adjectives known as setbacks). It is also often limited to indicate the formation of restricted forms of verbs - these can be referred to as conjugated forms , as opposed to non-infinite forms, such as infinitives or gerunds, which tend to be unmarked for the most part grammatical category.
Conjugation is also a traditional name for a group of verbs that share similar conjugation patterns in a particular language (class verb ). For example, Latin is said to have four verb conjugations. This means that ordinary Latin verbs can be conjugated in each person, number, tense, mood, and voice knowing which of the four conjugation groups belong to, and the main parts. Verbs that do not follow all the standard language conjugation patterns are said to be irregular verbs. The system of all conjugate variants of a verb or a particular class of verb is called the verb paradigm ; this can be presented as a conjugation table .
Video Grammatical conjugation
Example
Indo-European languages ​​usually inflate verbs to some grammatical categories in complex paradigms, although some, such as English, have simplified verb conjugations for the most part. Below is the conjugation of the verb to in the present tense, from English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Faroe, Swedish, Norwegian , Latvia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland, Slovenia, Macedonia, Urdu or Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ukrainian. This is usually the most irregular verb. Similarity in the appropriate verb form can be noted. Some conjugations may not be used, such as your English form , or have additional meanings, such as your English form, which may also represent a single second person or be impersonal.
- 1 Archaic, poetical; used only with the pronoun 'thou'.
- 2 In the Flemish dialect.
- 3 In written standards bokmÃÆ'  ¥ l.
- 4 In written standards nynorsk. vera and vere are both alternate forms.
- 5 Attic.
- 6 'eÃÆ'nai' is used only as a noun ("being, existence").
- 7 Ptc: qenÃÆ' Â «.
- 8 In the Tosk and Geg dialects, respectively.
- 9 Existential: ??? (hÃÆ'Â|st) has another meaning. Usage ( ÃÆ'Â| ) is considered rural, now. See, Indo-European copula
Maps Grammatical conjugation
Oral agreements
Verbal agreement or harmony is a morpho-syntactic construction in which the subject property and/or verb object is indicated by the verb form. The verbs are then said to agree with their subject (resp.).
Many English verbs indicate subject approval of the following types: while go , you go , we go , they go All grammar in standard English, he goes not (except in subjunctive, like "They ask that she go with them"). In contrast, a special form of the verb to go should be used to produce him go . On the other hand I go , you go etc. Not grammatical in standard English. (Things are different in some English dialects that are less agreement.) Some English verbs do not have a special form that indicates subject approval ( I might , you may , he is allowed ), and the verb to has an additional form me which can only be used with the pronoun I as the subject.
Verbs in French writing show a more intensive covenant morphology than English verbs: je suis , tu es ("you", single informal), > elle est (us), nous sommes (us), vous ÃÆ'ªtes ("you are", plural), ils sont (them). Historically, English has been used to have a similar verbal paradigm. Some forms of the historic verb are used by Shakespeare as a slightly old-fashioned or more formal variant ( I do , you dost , he Maha , commonly used by nobility) of modern forms.
Some languages ​​with oral agreements can leave certain subject implied when the subject is completely determined by the verb form. In Spain, for example, subject pronouns do not need to be explicitly present, though in French, their close relatives, they are mandatory. Spanish equivalent to French je suis can easily be soybean (lit. "am"). The pronoun yo (I) in explicit form yo soybean is only required for emphasis or to remove ambiguity in complex text.
Some languages ​​have a richer agreement system where the verb also agrees with some or all of their objects. Ubykh shows a verbal agreement for the subject, direct object, indirect object, object and ablative ( a.w3.s.xe.n.t'u.n , You give it to me for me ).
Basque can show an agreement not only for subjects, direct objects and indirect objects, but also on the occasion of an exhibition agreement for listeners as implicit receivers: autoa ekarri digute means "they bring us a car" (neutral) agreement for listeners), but autoa ekarri ziguten means "they bring us a car" (a deal for a single feminine audience).
Languages ​​with rich agreement morphology facilitate relatively free word sequences without causing increased ambiguity. The order of canonical words in the Basque is the subject-of-the-verb object. However, all subject, verb, and object permutations are allowed.
Nonverbal persons agreement
In some languages, popular predictive and popular adjectives receive a person's consent form that is different from that used on a regular predicative verb. Although this is a form of conjugation in that it refers back to the subject person, it is not "verbal" because it always comes from the pronoun who has become the clitoris to the noun they refer. Examples of nonverbal covenants, along with contrasting verbal conjugations, can be found from Beja (affixes of affixes in bold):
- wun.tu. wi , "you (fem.) big"
- hada.. b. wa , "you (masc.) are a sheik"
- e .n.fÃÆ'³r , "he escaped"
Another example can be found from Ket:
- fÃÆ'¨mba. at , "I'm a Tungus"
- d? .fen , "I'm standing"
In Turkish, and some Aboriginal Ural and Australian languages, the adjective adjective and copular complement takes the identical affixes used in predictive verbs, but their negatives differ. For example, in Turkish:
- me?.u.yor. sun "You are running"
- ÃÆ'§avu ?. sun "You are a sergeant"
Under this negation becomes (negative remit in bold):
- I ?. mu .yor.sun "You are not running"
- ÃÆ'§avu? de? il .sin "You are not a sergeant"
For this reason, the consent of persons used with predicative and nominative adjectives in Turkish is considered nonverbal. In some analyzes, they are viewed as a form of verbal takeover by copular strategy.
Factors affecting conjugation
The general grammar categories according to the conjugate verbs are as follows:
- Limited form verb:
- The grammatical person
- Grammatical figures
- Grammatical gender
- Grammatically grasp
- Grammatical aspects
- Grammatical atmosphere
- Grammar sounds
- Forms of non-restricted verbs.
Other factors that may affect the conjugation are:
- The level of formality (see T-V distinction, Honor speech in Japanese, Korean speech level)
- Inclusiveness and exclusivity on the 1st plural
- Transitivity
- Valence
See also
Conjugation by language
- Category: Grammatical conjugation
- Indo-European copula
See also
- Agreement (linguistic)
- Declarations (nouns, adjectives, etc )
- Inflection
- Redundancy (linguistics)
- Screeve
- Strong infection
- Verbs
- Verb argument
- Volition (linguistics)
- Weak infections
Note
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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