Environmental engineering system is a branch of engineering related to the application of scientific and technical principles for the protection of the human population from the effects of adverse environmental factors; environmental protection, both locally and globally, from the potential impacts of potentially damaging natural and human activities; and improved environmental quality.
The environmental engineering system can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that addresses the issue of energy conservation, asset protection and waste control of human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with finding sensible solutions in the field of public health, such as waterborne diseases, the application of laws that promote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves wastewater management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, livestock breeding, environmental sustainability, public health and environmental engineering laws. It also includes a study of the environmental impacts of the proposed construction project.
The system of environmental engineers studies the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct studies on the management of hazardous waste to evaluate the significance of the hazard, advise on care and containment, and develop regulations to prevent accidents. Environmental engineers design urban water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They address local and global environmental concerns such as acid rain effects, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from car exhaust and industrial sources.
Many universities offer environmental engineering courses either in the civil engineering department or the chemical engineering department in the engineering faculty. The "civil" environmental engineers focus on hydrology, water resource management, bioremediation, and water treatment plant design. The environmental "chemical" engineers, on the other hand, focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment technologies and separation processes. Some parts of environmental engineering include natural resource engineering, agricultural engineering, and agricultural engineering.
More engineers are trained in law (JD.) and utilize their technical expertise in environmental law practice law.
Most regions also enforce licensing and enrollment requirements.
Video Environmental engineering
Development
Since people first know that their health is related to the quality of their environment, they have applied the principles to try to improve the quality of their environment. Ancient Indian civilization Harappan utilized the early sewerage in some cities over 5000 years ago. More specifically, Indus Valley Civilizations (also called Harappan civilizations) have control over water in their communities. Common work structures found in various locations in the region include wells, public baths, storage tanks, drinking water systems and waste collection systems throughout the city. They also have an early version of the canal irrigation system required for their large-scale farming. The Romans built waterways to prevent drought and create clean and healthy water supplies for the city of Rome. In the 15th century, Bavaria invented laws that restricted the development and degradation of the alpine state which is the water supply in the region.
This field emerged as a separate environmental discipline during the middle third of the 20th century in response to widespread public concerns about water and pollution and degradation of the wider environmental quality. However, its roots extend back to early efforts in public health engineering. Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette devised the first major waste disposal system that reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduces waterborne diseases from the leading causes of death to become scarce.
In many cases, as society grows, actions intended to achieve benefits for these communities have long-lasting impacts that reduce the quality of the environment. One example is the widespread application of DDT pesticides to control agricultural pests in the years following World War II. While the benefits of exceptional farming and crop yields increase dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria is controlled better than ever, many species are brought to the brink of extinction due to the impact of DDT on its reproductive cycle. The story of DDT as told plainly in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) is considered the birth of the modern environmental movement and the modern field of "environmental engineering."
Conservation moves and laws that limit public acts that would endanger the environment have been developed by various societies for thousands of years. Important examples are the laws governing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in the 19th century and the creation of a US national park system at the beginning of the 20th century.
Maps Environmental engineering
Coverage
The following topics usually formulate a curriculum in the field of environmental engineering:
- Mass and Energy transfer
- Environmental chemistry
- Inorganic chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Nuclear Chemistry
- The growth model
- Resource consumption
- Population growth
- Economic growth
- Risk assessment
- Hazard identification
- Dose-Response Rating
- Exposure assessment
- Risk characterization
- Comparative risk analysis
- Water pollution
- Water resources and pollutants
- Oxygen request
- Pollutant transport
- Water and wastewater treatment
- Air pollution
- industrial, transport, commercial and residential emissions
- Criterion and toxic air pollutants
- Pollution modeling (eg Atmospheric dispersion modeling)
- Pollution control
- Air pollution and meteorology
- Global change
- Greenhouse effect and global temperature
- Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles
- IPCC emissions scenario
- Oceanic change (ocean acidification, other effects of global warming in the oceans) and stratospheric changes (see Physical_impositions_climate_change)
- Solid waste management and recovery of resources
- Life cycle assessment
- Source reduction
- Collection and transfer operations
- Recycle
- Waste-to-energy conversion
- Landfill
Analysis and mitigation of environmental impact
Scientists have modeled the spread of air pollution to evaluate the concentrations of pollutants on receptors or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhaust and industrial chimney exhaust emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps with a desire to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes. They apply scientific and technical principles to evaluate whether there are potential adverse impacts on water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic impact, social impact, ecological impact, noise impact, visual (landscape) impact , etc. If estimated, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of mitigation measures is the creation of wetlands at nearby locations to reduce the filling of wetlands needed for road construction if it is not possible to change the route of the road.
In the United States, environmental assessment practices formally commenced on 1 January 1970, the effective date of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Since then, more than 100 developing and developing countries have planned specific analog laws or have adopted procedures used elsewhere. NEPA applies to all federal agencies in the United States.
Water supply and treatment
Engineers evaluate the water balance within the watershed and determine the available water supply, the water needed for the various needs in the watershed, the seasonal cycle of water movement through the watershed and they develop systems for storing, processing and conveying water for various uses. Water is treated to achieve the purpose of water quality for final use. In the case of drinking water supplies, water is treated to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious diseases, the risk of non-communicable diseases, and create a sense of good water. Water distribution systems are designed and built to provide sufficient water pressure and flow rates to meet end user needs such as domestic use, fire fighting and irrigation.
Wastewater treatment
There are many wastewater treatment technologies. Wastewater treatment trains may comprise a major clarifier system for the removal of solid and floating materials, secondary processing systems comprising aeration basins followed by flocculation and sedimentation or active sludge systems and secondary clarification, tertiary biological nitrogen disposal systems, and final disinfection processes. Aeration basin/active sludge system removes organic material by growing bacteria (active sludge). The secondary clarifier removes the active sludge from the water. Tertiary systems, though not always included due to cost, are becoming more common to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect water before being discharged into surface or ocean water currents.
Air pollution management
Scientists have developed models of air pollution spread to evaluate pollutant concentrations in receptors or impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhaust and industrial chimney exhaust emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps with a desire to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.
Environmental Protection Agency
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of many agencies working with environmental engineers to solve major problems. An important component of EPA's mission is to protect and improve the quality of air, water, and the environment as a whole to avoid or reduce the consequences of harmful effects.
Engineering ecology for sustainable agriculture in arid regions of West Africa and semiarid
Ecological engineering offers a new alternative to the management of agricultural systems that are more tailored to the ever-changing social and environmental needs of the region. This requires managing the complexity of agrosystems, while attempting to replicate the natural ecosystem functions of dryland in West Africa and taking advantage of traditional practices and local knowledge resulting from a long process of adaptation to environmental constraints.
- Act on biodiversity. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem productivity and their temporal stability under the influence of external disturbances. Some ecological processes associated with biodiversity can be enhanced for the benefit of agrosilvopastoral systems: promoting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms to benefit plants, linking and utilizing the joint benefits of crops
- Utilizes organic matter and nutrient cycles. The productivity of agrosystems with low chemical inputs used in dry land areas is primarily based on efficient management of organic resources, and in turn on the flow of nutrients and energy they produce. It is thus possible to intervene at several levels: improving the integration of crop-livestock agriculture to conserve natural resources, restoring biological soil activity through specific organic inputs, supplying nutrients to crops locally.
- Increase water usage available. Water supply is limited and irregular on dry land. Current management of this inventory - which involves the capture of rainwater and surface runoff - can be increased in several ways: adapting to erratic rainfall or drought risk by focusing on: (i) agricultural and community organizations (patterns of agricultural plots in association with distribution random rainfall, etc.), and on (ii) pruning techniques to reduce crop water requirements (plant choice, weeding, etc.), conserve water in crop fields by inhibiting runoff, accounting for the important role of trees on soil and water dry land.
- Manage the associated ecological landscape and processes. The regulation of ecological plant pests by their natural enemies is one of the ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. Better pest management can be considered in relation to promoting biodiversity on different scales, eg from factory to landscape.
Education
Courses aimed at developing graduates with special skills in environmental systems or environmental technologies are becoming more common and falling into a broad classroom:
- Machine engineering oriented to the design of machinery and mechanical systems for environmental use such as water treatment facilities, pumping stations, waste sorting of plants and other mechanical facilities;
- Environmental engineering or environmental systems oriented towards a civil engineering approach in which structures and landscapes are built to integrate with or protect the environment;
- Environmental chemistry , sustainable chemistry or environmental chemistry oriented to understanding the effects of (good and bad) chemicals in the environment. Focus on mining processes, pollutants and generally also include biochemical processes;
- Environmental technology aims to produce electronic or electrical graduates capable of developing devices and artifacts capable of monitoring, measuring, modeling and controlling environmental impacts, including monitoring and managing energy generation from renewable sources.
Leading environmental engineer
- G. D. Agrawal
- Braden Allenby
- Ashraf Choudhary
- Marc Edwards (professor of civil engineering)
- Robert A. Gearheart
- Saurav Rajgor
- Alfred Stowell Jones
- Sudhakar Kesavan
- Joseph Lstiburek
- Daniel Oerther
- George Pinder
- Ellen Swallow Richards
- Paul V. Roberts
- Daniel A. Vallero
- Abel Wolman
See also
References
- Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell, (2006) Introduction to environmental engineering (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill ISBN 978-0072424119
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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