The Agreement or harmony (abbreviated agr ) occurs when a word changes shape depending on other related words. This is an example of inflection, and usually involves making values ​​from several grammatical categories (such as gender or person) "agree" between various words or parts of a sentence.
For example, in Standard English, someone might say me or he , but not "I" or "he". This is because grammar requires that the verb and subject agree on people . The pronoun I and he are the first and third person, as are the verb forms i and are . The form of the verb must be chosen so that it has the same person with a different subject to the notional agreement, which is based on meaning. For example, in American English, the phrase United Nations is treated as single for the purpose of consent although formally plural.
Video Agreement (linguistics)
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Agreements generally involve matching the value of some grammatical categories between different constituencies of a sentence (or sometimes between sentences, as in some cases where pronouns are required to agree with predecessors or referrals). Some of the categories that usually trigger grammatical deals are listed below.
Person
Agreements based on grammatical people are found mostly between verbs and subjects. An example from English ( i vs. he ) has been given in the introduction to this article.
Agreements between pronouns (or appropriate possessive adjectives) and the introduction also require the selection of the right people. For example, if the predecessor is the first noun phrase Mary and I , then the first person pronoun ( we/us/our ) is required; However, most of the noun phrases ( dog , my cat , Jack and Jill , etc.) are third persons, and replaced by one-third pronouns people ( him/her/them etc.).
Numbers
Agreements based on grammatical numbers can occur between verb and subject, as in the case of the grammatical person discussed above. Actually these two categories are often combined in the verb conjugation pattern: there is a special verb form for the first person singular, second person plural and so on. Some examples:
- I actually me (first perse) vs. We really are (1st plural press)
- Boys singing s (the 3rd single) vs. Boy s sing (press 3) plural)
Once again with the people, there is an agreement between the pronouns (or related ownership) and antecedents:
- The girl did the job The girl did their work >
Agreements also occur between the nouns and the determinants and modifiers, in some situations. It's common in languages ​​like France, where the articles, determinators and adjectives (both attributively and predictive) agree in number with the nouns they mastered:
- le grand homme ("great people") vs. les great s homme s
In English this is not a common feature, although there is a particular determinator that occurs specifically with single or plural nouns only:
- One big car Two big cars s
- Many good work vs. Many great work s
Gender
In languages ​​in which grammatical gender plays an important role, there is often agreement in the gender between nouns and its modifiers. For example, in French:
- le grand homme ("big guy"; homme is masculine) vs. la grand e chaise ("big chair"; chaise feminine)
Such an agreement is also found with the adjective predicate: l'homme est grand ("the man is great") vs. la chaise est grand e ("big chair"). (However, in some languages, like Germany, this does not happen; only attributive modifiers indicate approval.)
In the case of verbs, gender agreements are less common, though they may still occur. For example, in the past tense of France, past participle agrees in certain circumstances with a subject or with objects (see passÃÆ'Â composÃÆ' â € <â € <Â © for details). In Russian and most other Slavic languages, past tense forms agree on gender with the subject.
There is also agreement in gender between pronoun and antecedents. This example can be found in English (although the English pronoun basically follows the natural gender rather than the gender of the grammar):
- The man reached the goal it vs. Ship reach he / the destination
For more details, see Gender in English.
Case
In a language that has a case system, there is often agreement with the case between the noun and its modifier. For example, in German:
- der intestine e Mann ("good person", nominative case) vs. des intestine en Mann (e) s ("good guy", genitive case)
In fact, the modifiers of nouns in languages ​​like German and Latin agree with their nouns in number, sex and case; these three categories are combined together in the degeneration paradigm.
The case agreement is not a significant feature of English (only private pronouns and pronouns that have a letter mark). The agreement between the pronoun can sometimes be observed:
- Who came first - him or his brother? vs. Who did you see - him or his brother?
Maps Agreement (linguistics)
Based on language
Language can not have any conventional agreement at all, such as Japanese or Malay; almost nothing, as in English; a small number, as in oral French; moderate numbers, such as in Greek or Latin; or in large quantities, as in Swahili.
English
Modern English does not have a very large number of agreements, though they exist.
Regardless of the verb, the main example is the "this" and "it" determinator, which becomes "this" and "it" respectively when the following nouns are plural:
- this woman - these women
- the dog - the dogs
All common verbs (and almost all words are irregular) in English agree on a single third person of the current indicative by adding either a -s
Present tense to love :
There are not many deviations in this formation: for , for and doing render already , and do .
The irregular verb being is the sole verb in the consent of more than this in the present tense.
Present tense of menjadi :
In English, broken verbs generally do not show approval for people or numbers, they include capital verbs: can , maybe , must , be , must , must , should .
In Early Modern English Agreements there is to be the second single person of all verbs in the present, as well as in the past tense of some common verbs. This is usually in the form of -est , but -st and -t also occur. Note that this does not affect the suffix for people and other numbers.
Examples of tense forms present: You will die , you , You , you , i> Sample past form: you will , you should , you , you can
Note also the agreement indicated by to be even in the subjunct mood.
However, for almost all plain verbs, separate forms thou are no longer used in the past. So the additional verb to do is used, e.g. you help , not * you help .
Latin
Compared to English, Latin (and Roman languages ​​like Spanish and Italian) are examples of highly affected languages. Consequences for such a deal:
Verbs have to agree personally and number, and sometimes in gender, to their subject. Articles and adjectives must agree on terms, amounts and genders with the nouns they modify.
Example Latin (Spanish) verb: active current indicative portare ( portar ), to bring:
- port o (port o ) - I brought
- port as (port as ) - you [single] carry
- port at (port a ) - he brings
- port amus (port amos ) - we bring
- port atis (port ÃÆ'¡is ) - you [plural]
- port ants , (port an ) - they carry
In Latin, pronouns like "ego" and "tu" are only included for contrast and selection. Appropriate nouns and common nouns function as a fixed subject often. For this reason, Latin is described as a language without a subject.
French
The spoken French language always distinguishes the second person plural, and the first person plural in formal speech, from each other and from the rest of the current time in all verbs in the first conjugation (infinitive in -er) besides aller nous ) are now usually replaced with the pronoun on (literally: "one") and the third single verb form in Modern French. Thus, nous travaillons (formal) becomes on travaille . In most verbs of other conjugations, every person in the plural can be distinguished between themselves and from singular forms, again, when using traditional first-person plural. Other tips appearing in French are written (ie: all single ends, as well as third persons plural of verbs other than those with infinitives in -er) are often pronounced the same except in the context of the relationship. Irregular verbs like ÃÆ'ªtre , faire , aller , and avoir have a clearer agreement form than verbs ordinary.
An example of this is the work verb, which runs as follows (single words in the italic type pronounced/t? Auvaj/):
- I work
- you work
- he works
- we work, or we work
- You work
- they work
Di sisi legge, kata kerja seperti partir memiliki (kata-kata tunggal dalam jenis italic diucapkan/pa?/):
- is pars
- tu pars bagian
- partons go, they fall bagian
- vous partz
- ils partent
S or T last silent, and the other three sounds different from each other and from the singular.
Adjectives agree in gender and numbers with the noun they change in French. Like a verb, the agreement is sometimes only displayed in spelling because the forms written with different treaty suffixes are sometimes pronounced the same (eg joli , jolie ); although in many cases the final consonant is pronounced in feminine form, but silently in masculine form (eg petit vs. petite ). Most of the plural forms end in -s , but this consonant is only spoken in the context of the relationship, and it is the determinant that helps to understand if it is singular or plural. The participative of the verb agrees in gender and numbers with a subject or object in some instances.
Articles, possessions and other determinants are also decreased for the number and (in sole form) for gender, with same plural determinants for both sexes. This usually results in three forms: one for the single masculine noun, one for the feminine single noun, and another for the plural nouns of any sex:
- Certain articles: le, la, les
- Uncertain article: un, une, des
- Partial article: du, de la, des
- Possessives (for the first person single): mon, ma, mes
- Demonstrative: ce, cette, ces
Note that some of the above also change (in singular form) if the following words begin with a vowel: le and la to l? , du and de la to de l? , ma becomes mon (as if the noun was masculine) and ce to cet .
Hungary
In Hungary, the verb has a polyproponal agreement, which means they agree with more than one verb argument: not only the subject but also the object (accusative). Differences are made between cases when there are definite objects and cases when objects are not specified or no objects at all. (Adverbia does not affect the verb form.) Example: Szeretek (I like someone or something unspecified), szeretem (I like him, he, that, or them, especially), szeretlek (I love you); szeret (he loves you, us, you, someone, or something unspecified), szereti (he loves it, him, that, or them specifically). Of course, a noun or pronoun can determine the right object. In short, there is agreement between the verb and the person and the number of subjects and the specificity of the object (which often refers to the person more or less exactly).
- See a definite and unlimited Conjugation
Predictors agree in number with subject and if it is copulative (ie consisting of nouns/adjective and connective verb), both parts agree in quantities with subjects. For example: A kÃÆ'¶nyv
In noun phrases, adjectives do not show consent with nouns, for example a szÃÆ' Â © p kÃÆ'¶nyv eitekkel "with your good books" ("szÃÆ'Â © p ": good): plural suffix, which is possessive" yours "and cases that mark" with "are only marked on nouns.
In Scandinavian, adjectives (both attributive and predicative) are rejected by the gender, number, and certainty of the nouns they modify. In some cases, predictive adjectives do not seem to agree with the subject. This phenomenon is referred to as pancake sentence.
In Iceland and Faroe, past adjectives and participants are also rejected according to grammatical cases, which do not occur in other Scandinavian languages.
In New Norway and Sweden, the participant must agree on gender and number. In Norwegian, bokmÃÆ'  ¥ l and Danish, it is necessary to decrease in quantity but often optionally to reject certain words in gender and also numbers.
Slavic languages ​​
Most Slavic languages ​​are severely affected, except for Bulgarian and Macedonian languages. This agreement is similar to Latin, for example between adjectives and nouns in gender, numbers, cases and animations (if counted as a separate category). The following examples are from Serbian:
- ? ivim u malom stanu "I live in a small apartment" (masculine, singular, locative)
- ? ivim u maloj me? I "I live in a small house" (feminine, single, locative)
- imam mali booth "I have a small apartment" (masculine, single, accusative)
- imam shy me? u "I have a small house" (feminine, singular, accusative)
- imam malog psa "I have a small dog" (masculine anarchy, singular, accusative)
Verbs have 6 different forms in the present time form, for three persons in singular and plural forms. As in Latin, subjects are often dropped.
Another characteristic is agreement in participants, who have different forms for different sexes:
- ja sam jela "I'm eating" (woman talking)
- ja sam jeo "I'm eating" (male speaking)
Swahili
Swahili, like all other Bantu languages, has many classes of nouns. Verbs must agree in a class with their subject and object, and adjectives with nouns they control. For example: Ki tabu ki moja ki tatosha (One book will suffice) , M chungwa m moja u tatosha (One orange tree will be enough), Chungwa moja li tatosha (One orange is enough).
There is also an agreement in number. For example: Vi tabu vi wili vi tatosha Mi chungwa mi wili i tatosha (Two citrus fruits are enough), Ma chungwa ma wili yes tatosha (Two oranges are enough).
Classes and numbers are indicated by the prefix (or sometimes none), which are not always the same for nouns, adjectives and verbs, as illustrated by the example.
See also
- Tourist (grammar)
- Government case
- Declaration
- Inflection
- Redundancy (linguistics)
- Order of tenses - sometimes called tense agreements
- Synthetic language
References
Further reading
Corbett, Greville G. (1994). "Approval". In Asher, R. E. The Encyclopedia of Languages ​​and Linguistics . Oxford: Pergamon Press. p.Ã, 54-60.
External links
- Agreement: Bibliography
Tiberius, Carole; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett (2002). Database Perjanjian Surrey . Universitas Surrey. doi: 10.15126/SMG.11/1.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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