The P600 is an event-related potential (ERP), or the peak in electrical brain activity is measured by electroencephalography (EEG). This is an ERP that is relevant to the language and is considered interesting by hearing or reading grammatical errors and other syntactic anomalies. Therefore, this is a general topic in the study of neurolinguistic experiments that investigate the processing of sentences in the human brain.
P600 can be obtained in visual experiments (reading) and hearing (listening), and is characterized as a positive deflection with an onset of about 500 milliseconds after the stimulus that elicits it; often reaching its peak about 600 milliseconds after the stimulus presentation (hence its name), and lasting several hundred milliseconds. In other words, in the form of EEG waves it is a big peak in the positive direction, which starts about 500 milliseconds after the subject sees or hears the stimulus. It is usually thought of as appearing mostly on the centro-parietal electrode (ie, above the posterior portion of the central scalp), but the frontal P600 has also been observed in several studies. In EEG, this distribution on the scalp does not mean P600 comes from that part of the brain; a 2007 study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) speculated that the P600 generator was in the posterior temporal lobe, behind the Wernicke area.
P600 was first reported by Lee Osterhout and Phillip Holcomb in 1992. It is also sometimes called a syntactically positive shift ( SPS ), because it has a positive polarity and is usually caused by syntactic phenomenon.
Video P600 (neuroscience)
Elicitation
P600 was originally regarded as a "syntactic" ERP, as it evoked by several types of syntactic phenomena, including ungrammatical stimuli, garden path phrases requiring reanalysis, complex sentences with a large number of thematic roles, and processing of filler-gap dependencies (such as emerging words at the beginning of a sentence in English but is actually interpreted elsewhere).
- Grammar error
P600 can be obtained by some kind of grammatical errors in sentences, such as problems in agreement, such as "child * throw toys". In addition to the types of subject verb contradictions, P600 has also been raised by disagreements in the form of tense, gender, numbers, and cases, as well as violations of the phrase structure. A 2009 study showed that this error led to P600 being stronger than any other syntactic stimulus that has been involved.
- Garden path
P600 is also known to occur when a sentence does not contain a direct grammatical error, but must be described in a different way than the reader originally intended. These sentences are known as the phrase "garden path", because the reader follows a sentence interpretation only to realize later that this interpretation is wrong and he must retreat to understand the sentence. For example, Osterhout & amp; Holcomb (1992) finds the P600s posed by the word to in sentences like
The broker who was persuaded to sell the stock was high.
In such sentences, the preferred reading is to interpret "convinced" as the main verb of the sentence (ie, "the broker persuades me"), and after seeing the word to the reader must re-analyze the sentence for means something more like "a broker who is persuaded to sell stocks, he is tall".
- Syntax errors in music
P600 is also inflicted by errors in music harmony, such as when a chord is played from a key with the rest of the musical phrase. This implies that P600 is not "language-specific," but "can be obtained in a nonlinguistic order (but governed by rules)."
- Dependencies and complexity
Some studies have found P600 caused by words where there are no grammatical errors and no "garden path" (ie, where the word is exactly as readers expect), but when the sentence is complicated because there are a number of active noun phrases. This happens most often when the reader has to "reactivate" the word that appears at the beginning of the sentence. For example, in a phrase like "Who are you copying?", The that word appears at the beginning of a sentence but is actually a direct object imitate , and should be interpreted in that way (ie, "Who do you imitate?"); some studies have found that after the reader sees the word imitating he has a P600 response, possibly as a result of reactivating who . This type of P600 is getting stronger as the number of active noun phrases in the sentence increases, indicating that the P600 generator is sensitive to the level of complexity in the sentence.
- Semantic attraction
Kim & amp; Osterhout (2005) points to the so-called "semantic P600" in sentences that are true grammatically but semantically anomalous, and where syntactic reanalysis is more interesting than semantic reanalysis. For example, P600 can be obtained in the following sentence:
The warm food devours the children.
This indicates that the reader prefers to interpret the sentence as containing morphosyntactic error (say "devouring ing " instead of "devouring ed by ") rather than semantics (food can not devour children , but can be eaten by them.The interpretation of "semantic P600s" has attracted attention and controversy in the literature.
Maps P600 (neuroscience)
Interpretation
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