The responsibility for the educational system in Germany lies primarily with the state ( LÃÆ'¤nder ), while the federal government plays a small role. Optional kindergarten education (breeding school) is provided for all children between one and six years, after attendance at school is mandatory. The system varies throughout Germany because every country (Tanah Tanah ) decides its own educational policy. Most of the children, however, first attended the Grundschule from the age of six to eleven.
German secondary education includes five types of schools. The Gymnasium is designed to prepare students for higher education and finish with the final exam Abitur , after grade 12 or 13. The Realschule has a wider range of emphases for middle and finished pupils with the final exam of Mittlere Reife, after grade 10; Hauptschule prepares students for vocational education and finishes with the final exam of Hauptschulabschluss, after grade 9 and Realschulabschluss after grade 10. There are two types of class 10: one is a higher level called type 10b and lower level called type 10a; only a higher level 10b type can lead to Realschule and this ends with a final exam Mittlere Reife after class 10b. The new path to achieve Realschulabschluss in vocational-oriented secondary schools was changed by law school regulations in 1981 - with a one-year qualification period. During the one-year qualification period of the new regulatory changes, students may continue to grade 10 to meet the legal education period. After 1982, the new road is mandatory, as described above.
In addition to this, there is Gesamtschule , which combines Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium. There is also FÃÆ'¶rder- or Sonderschulen . One of 21 students attended FÃÆ'¶rderschule . However, FÃÆ'¶rder - or Sonderschulen can also lead, under special circumstances, to Hauptschulabschluss of either type 10a or type 10b, the latter is Realschulabschluss . The number of extracurricular activities is determined individually by each school and varies greatly.
Many of the hundreds or more German higher education institutions that charge little or no tuition with international comparisons. Students usually have to prove by exam that they qualify.
To enter the university, students, as a rule, must pass the Abitur test; since 2009, however, those who have Meisterbrief (master craftsman diploma) have also been able to register. Those wishing to attend the "applied science university" must, as a rule, have Abitur , Fachhochschulreife , or Meisterbrief . If they do not possess these qualifications, students are entitled to enter an applied science university or university if they can provide additional evidence that they will be able to compete with their fellow students through BegabtenprÃÆ'¼fung or Hochbegabtenstudium is a test that confirms superiority and intellectual abilities above average).
A special apprenticeship system called Duale Ausbildung enables students in vocational courses to conduct in-house training in a company as well as in public schools.
Video Education in Germany
History
Prussian Era
Historically, Lutheranism had a strong influence on German culture, including its education. Martin Luther advocated a compulsory school so that everyone could independently read and interpret the Bible. This concept became a model for schools throughout Germany. German public schools generally have religious education provided by churches working with the country since then.
During the 18th century, the Kingdom of Prussia was one of the first countries in the world to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education, comprising an eight-year basic education course,
In 1810, after the Napoleonic war, Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, which significantly improved the standard of instruction. The final examination, Abitur , introduced in 1788, was implemented in all Prussian high schools in 1812 and expanded throughout Germany in 1871. The state also established teacher training colleges for prospective teachers in public schools or primary school. value.
German Empire
When the German Empire was formed in 1871, the school system became more centralized. In 1872, Prussia recognized separate junior secondary schools for women. Because the profession studied demands highly educated young people, more high schools are established, and the state claims the only right to set standards and to oversee newly established schools.
Four different types of secondary schools were developed:
- Classic nine-year gymnastic (including learning Latin and Classical Greek or Hebrew, plus one modern language);
- Nine years Realgymnasium (focusing on Latin, modern language, science and math);
- Six years Realschule (without a university entrance qualification, but with the option of being a trainee in one of the modern industry, office or technical work); and
- Nine years Oberrealschule (focusing on modern languages, science, and math).
At the turn of the twentieth century, all four types of schools have achieved the same rank and privilege, even though they do not share the same prestige.
Weimar Republic
After World War I, the Weimar Republic established a free and universal four-year primary school ( Grundschule ). Most students continue in these schools for other four-year courses. Those who can afford a small fee go to Mittelschule which provides a more challenging curriculum for an additional year or two. After passing a rigorous entrance exam after the fourth year, students can also enter one of four types of secondary schools.
Nazi Germany
During the Nazi era (1933-1945), the teaching of National Socialist ideology was integrated into the school system, but the basic education system remained unchanged. Hitler's youth receive students aged 7-18, and education is often more focused on Nazism and Nazi activities, rather than traditional academic subjects. Children who are not interested in learning about Nazism will automatically have all other aspects of their education suffered, and the risk never graduated from school.
East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) started its own standard system of education in the 1960s. The East German equivalent of elementary and secondary school is Polytechnic School Oberschule (Polytechnische Oberschule), which all students attend for 10 years, from 6 to 16 years old. At the end of the 10th year, exams are set. Depending on the outcome, a student may choose to drop out of education or undertake an internship for an additional two years, followed by a Abitur . Those who perform very well and show loyalty to the ruling party can turn into Erweiterte Oberschule (high school), where they can take the Abitur test after 12 years of schooling. Although the system was removed in the early 1990s after reunification, the system continued to affect school life in the eastern states of Germany.
West Germany
After World War II, Allied powers (the Soviet Union, France, Britain and the USA) ensured that Nazi ideology was removed from the curriculum. They install educational systems in their respective occupation zones that reflect their own ideas. When West Germany gained partial independence in 1949, the new constitution (Grundgesetz) granted educational autonomy to the state government (LÃÆ'¤nder). This leads to a very diverse school system, often making it difficult for children to continue their studies while moving between countries.
The multi-state agreement ensures that basic requirements are universally met by all state school systems. Thus, all children are required to attend one type of school (five or six days a week) from 6 years to 16 years of age. A student can replace the school in terms of excellent abilities (or very bad). A graduation certificate from one country is recognized by all other states. Qualified teachers may post in any state.
Federal Republic of Germany
Since the 1990s, several changes have occurred in many schools:
- Introduction to bilingual education in some subjects
- Experiment with various teaching styles
- Complete all schools with computers and Internet access
- Creation of local school philosophy and teaching objectives ("Schulprogramm"), to be evaluated regularly
- Reduced school year Gymnasium ( Abitur after 12th grade) and introduction to the afternoon period as in many other western countries
After 2000 much public debate about the low-ranking international rankings in Germany in the International Student Assessment Program (PISA), there is a tendency toward less ideological discussions about how to develop schools. These are some new trends:
- Set federal standards on teaching quality
- Orientation is more practical in teacher training
- Transfer some responsibility from Ministry of Education to local school
Maps Education in Germany
Overview
In Germany, education is the responsibility of the state ( LÃÆ'¤nder ) and part of their constitutional sovereignty ( Kulturhoheit der LÃÆ'¤nder ). Teachers are employed by the Ministry of Education for the country and typically have lifelong employment after a certain period (verbeamtet) (which, however, are not comparable within a time frame or competitiveness with a typical mastery path, for example at US universities). This practice depends on the country and is currently changing. Parent councils are elected to voice the views of parents to the school administration. Each class selects one or two "Klassensprecher" (class president, if two are selected usually one is male and female), who meet several times a year as "SchÃÆ'¼lerrat" (student council).
A team of school presidents is also chosen by the students every year, whose primary objective is to organize school parties, sports tournaments and the like for fellow students. The local municipality is responsible for building schools and hiring janitorial and secretarial staff. For an average school of 600-800 students, there may be two janitors and one secretary. School administration is the responsibility of teachers, who receive a reduction in their teaching hours if they participate.
Church and state separated in Germany. The compulsory school prayer and obligatory attendance at religious schools in public schools are contrary to the constitution. (Nevertheless, it is expected, to stand up politely for school prayer even if one does not pray together.) In 1995, it was ordered that the Christian cross was not allowed in the classroom for violating the religious freedom of non-Christian students. The cross is allowed if no pupils object, but should be removed if there is an objection. Some German states have banned teachers from wearing the hijab.
Literacy
More than 99% of Germans aged 15 and above are expected to read and write.
Preschool
The German preschool is known as Kindergarten (plural KindergÃÆ'¤rten ) or We , short for Ki nder ta gesstÃÆ'¤tte (meaning "child care center"). Children between the ages of 2 and 6 attend the KindergÃÆ'¤rten , which is not part of the school system. They are often run by city or city administration, churches or registered communities, many of whom follow certain educational approaches represented, for example, by Montessori or Reggio Emilia or "Berliner Bildungsprogramm", etc. The forest kindergarten is well established. Attending Kindergarten is not compulsory or free, but can be partially or fully funded, depending on local authority and parental income. All nurses in Kita or Kindergarten must have a quality three-year education, or be under special supervision during training.
KindergÃÆ'¤rten can open from 7 am to 5 pm. or longer and possibly also home Kinderkrippe , which means crÃÆ'¨che, for children between the ages of eight weeks and three years, and perhaps the afternoon Hort (often linked to school basis) for school-aged children aged 6 to 10 who spend time after school there. Along with the nursery, there are daytime nursing nurses (called Tagesmutter , plural TagesmÃÆ'¼tter - the formal, gender-neutral form is Tagespflegeperson (en) ) working independent of pre-school institutions in individual homes and caring for only three to five children who are usually aged up to three years. The nurses are supported and supervised by local authorities.
The term Vorschule , meaning 'pre-school', is used both for educational endeavors at KindergÃÆ'¤rten and for compulsory classes normally connected to elementary schools. Both systems are handled differently in every German state. The Schulkindergarten is a Vorschule type.
Not without interest is the fact that in the German Empire, children can graduate directly into secondary education after attending a privately run "Vorschule", which is then a kind of elementary school. The Weimar Constitution prohibits this, feels they are an unjustifiable privilege, and the Basic Law still contains constitutional rules (Article 7 Sect VI) that: Pre-school will remain deleted.
Basic education
Parents looking for suitable schools for their children have a large selection of primary schools
- Public school. Public schools do not charge school fees. The majority of students attend public schools in their neighborhood. Schools in affluent areas tend to be better than in poor areas. As children reach school age, many middle-class and working-class families migrate from deprived areas.
- or, alternatively
- Waldorf School (2,006 schools in 2007)
- Montessori Method School (272)
- Freie Alternativschule (Free Alternative School) (85)
- Protestant (63) or Catholic (114) parochial school
Homeschooling
Homeschooling is illegal in Germany, so some families seek asylum abroad to educate their children at home. Illegality relates to prioritizing children's rights to parental rights: children are entitled to the company of children and other adults who are not their parents, nor are parents able to choose their children out of the sexual education class because the state considers the child's right to information becomes more important than the desire of the parent to hold it.
Intermediate education
After the children complete their basic education (at age 10, 12 in Berlin and Brandenburg), there are five options for secondary school:
- Gymnasium (grammar school) to grade 12 or 13 (with Abitur as an exit exam, qualification for university); and
- Fachoberschule enters from the tenth to the twelfth grade (with Fachhochschulreife (between Abitur and Realschulabschluss ) as exams) it is also possible to go after thirteen classes and get Abitur fachgebundene? (if you have not learned a language other than English) or get it? Abitur? (with second language at European level B1) Ã,;
- Realschule to the tenth grade (with Mittlere Reife (Realschulabschluss) as an exit exam);
- Mittelschule (the least academic, as it is modernized Volksschule <[i> [elementary school]) until the ninth grade (with Hauptschulabschluss and in some cases Mittlere Reife = Realschulabschuss as exams ); in some states the federal Hauptschule is absent and pupils are mainstreamed into Mittelschule or Regionale Schule instead.
- Gesamtschule (comprehensive school)
(sorted by the quality and relevance of exams.) The comprehensive school stands apart because it offers each of the exits mentioned)
After passing one of the above schools, students can begin their career by apprenticeship at Berufsschule (vocational school). The Berufsschule is usually attended twice a week for two, three, or three and a half years of internship; other days spent working in the company. It is intended to provide knowledge of theory and practice. The company is obliged to accept the internship in its apprenticeship scheme. After this, apprentice is listed on the list of Industrie- und Handelskammer CPI (industrial and trading rooms). During the internship, an internship is a part-time employee paid by the company. After passing the Berufsschule and exit exams from the CPI, a certificate is awarded and the young person is ready for a career up to a low level of management. In some areas, the scheme teaches certain skills which are legal requirements (special position in the bank, legal assistant).
Some special areas provide different paths. After attending one of the above schools and getting a certificate of leave such as Hauptschulabschluss, Mittlere Reife (or Realschulabschuss, from Realschule) or Abitur of Gymnasium or Gesamtschule, graduate school can begin a career with an apprenticeship in Berufsschule (vocational school). Here students are enrolled with certain bodies, for example associations such as the German Bar Association Deutsche Rechtsanwaltskammer GBA (board of directors). During the apprenticeship, young people are part-time employees who are paid by institutions, banks, doctors or law firms. Upon leaving the Berufsfachschule and passing the exit exams established by the German Bar Association or other related associations, the intern will receive the certificate and be prepared for a career at all levels except in positions requiring a higher level, such as a doctorate. In some areas, apprenticeship schemes teach the skills required by law, including certain positions in the bank or as legal assistants. The 16 countries have exclusive responsibility in education and professional education. The federal parliament and the federal government can influence the education system only with financial aid to the states. There are many different school systems, but in every country the starting point is always Grundschule (primary school) for a period of four years; or six years in the case of Berlin and Brandenburg.
Values ​​5 and 6 form an orientation phase ( Orientierungsstufe ) where students, parents and their teachers decide which paths are mentioned above that students should follow. In all states except Berlin and Brandenburg, this orientation phase is embedded in a high school program. Decisions for secondary schools affect the future of students, but during this phase change can be made easier. In practice this is rare because teachers are afraid to send students to more academic schools while parents are afraid to send their children to less academic schools. In Berlin and Brandenburg, the orientation is embedded into the elementary school. The teacher gave the so-called education (road) recommendation Bildungs ​​(gangs) empfehlung ) based on scholastic achievement in the main subjects (mathematics, Germany, science nature, foreign languages) and classroom behavior with details and different legal implications from one state to another: in some German states, those wishing to apply for Gymnasium or Realschule need a recommendation stating that students are likely to make a successful transition to such schools; in other cases anyone can register. In Berlin 30% - 35% of Gymnasium places are allocated by the lottery. A student's achievement in elementary school is immaterial.
The eastern states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia combine the Hauptschule and Realschule as Sekundarschule Mittelschule and Regelschule respectively. All German states have Gymnasium as one possibility for more capable children, and all states - excepting Sachsen - have some Gesamtschulen , but in different forms. The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools: comprehensive schools and Gymnasiums.
Studying foreign languages ​​is mandatory throughout Germany in high school and English is one of the more popular choices. Students in certain Gymnasium are required to study Latin as their first foreign language and choose a second foreign language. The list of available foreign languages ​​and foreign language lessons is required to vary from state to state, but the more common choices, other than Latin, are English, French, Spanish, ancient Greek. Many schools also offer voluntary study groups for the purpose of learning other languages. At what stage the students start learning a foreign language differently from state to state and adapted according to the cultural and socio-economic dynamics of each state. In some states, foreign language education begins at Grundschule (primary school). For example, in North Rhine-Westphalia, English begins in the third year of primary school. Baden-WÃÆ'¼rttemberg begins with English or French in the first year. The Saarland, which borders France, begins with French in the third year of primary school and France taught in high school as the primary foreign language.
This can cause problems in terms of education for families planning to move from one German state to another because there is a very different curriculum for almost every subject.
Adults who do not reach Realschulabschluss or Abitur , or reach an equivalent, have the option of attending a night class at Abendgymnasium or Abendrealschule i>.
School organization
The school year begins after the summer holidays (different from state to state, usually late/mid August) and is divided into two tribes. There is usually a 12 week holiday next to a public holiday. Dates are definitely different between states, but generally there are six summer weeks and two weeks of Christmas holidays. Other holiday periods occur in the spring (during the period around Easter Sunday) and autumn (during the previous harvest season, where farmers usually need their children for field work). Schools can also schedule two or three special holidays per semester.
Schedule
Students have about 30-40 45-minute periods each week (depending on year and state), but especially the current high school switch to 90 minute lessons ( Blocks ) which counts as two 'traditional' lessons. To manage classes taught three or five lessons per week, there are two general ways. In some schools that teach 90 minutes, there is still a 45-minute lesson each day, mostly between the first two blocks; in other schools these subjects are taught in weekly rotation or term. There are about 12 compulsory subjects: up to three foreign languages ​​(the first is often taken in elementary school, the second begins in grades 6 or 7, others are taken between 7 and 11), physics, biology, chemistry, civics/social/political, historical, geographical (beginning between classes 5 and 7), mathematics, music, visual arts, Germany, PE and religious/ethical education (taken from elementary school). However, the various afternoon activities offered differ from school to school, most German schools offer choirs or orchestras, sometimes sports, theater, or language. Many of these are offered as semi-scholastic AG ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften - literally "working groups"), which are mentioned, but not officially assessed in the student reports. Other general extracurricular activities are organized as private clubs, which are very popular in Germany.
There are three blocks of lessons in which each lesson takes 45 minutes. After each block, there is a 15-20 minute break, also after the 6th lesson (the number of lessons changes from year to year, so maybe there are schools up to 4 o'clock). "NebenfÃÆ'¤cher" (= small field of study) is taught twice a week, "HauptfÃÆ'¤cher" (= main subject) is taught three times.
In grades 11-13, 11-12, or 12-13 (depending on the school system), each student majoring in two or three subjects ("Leistungskurse"). These are usually taught five lessons per week. Other subjects ("Grundkurse") are usually taught three periods per week.
"Seminarfach" is a mandatory class in which each student is prepared to submit his own research paper at the end of the semester. Classes should train students' scientific research skills that will be needed in their university life in the future.
There is a big difference between the 16 German states that have an alternative to archetypes like Waldorfschulen or other private schools. Adults can also go back to night school and take the Abitur test.
Public and private schools
In 2006, six percent of German children attend private schools.
In Germany, Article 7, Paragraph 4 of Grundgesetz, the German constitution, guarantees the right to establish private schools. This article is the first part of German basic law, which defines civil and human rights. The rights guaranteed in this section of Grundgesetz may only be suspended in an emergency, if the articles in question specifically specify this possibility. That's not the case with this article. It is also impossible to abolish these rights. This unusual private school protection is being implemented to protect them from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future.
Ersatzschulen is a normal primary or secondary school run by an individual, a private organization or a religious group. These schools offer the same type of diploma as in public schools. However, Ersatzschulen, like their state-run counterpart, is subject to basic government standards, such as the minimum qualifications required by teachers and paying value. Ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as public schools and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of Grundgesetz, enabling it to prohibit segregation of pupils according to socioeconomic status (so-called Sonderungsverbot). Therefore, most of the Ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees compared to most other Western European countries; scholarships are also often available. However, it is impossible to finance these schools with low school fees: so all German Ersatzschulen are subsidized by public funds.
Some students attend private schools through welfare subsidies. This often happens when a student is considered a risky child: students with learning disabilities, special needs or from dysfunctional home environments.
After allowing the socio-economic status of parents, children who attend private schools are not as capable as public schools. In the International Student Assessment Program (PISA) for example, after considering the socioeconomic class, students in private schools perform poorly in public schools. However, one should be careful in interpreting the data: they may not perform poorly because they attend private schools, but they attend private schools because they perform poorly. Some private Realschulen and Gymnatiers have lower entry requirements than Realschulen and common Gymnatients.
Custom schools
Most of the German children with special needs attend a school called FÃÆ'¶rderschule or Sonderschule (special school) that only caters to such children. There are several types of special schools in Germany such as:
- The "Sonderschule fÃÆ'¼r Lernbehinderte" - a special school that caters to children with learning difficulties
- The "Schule mit dem FÃÆ'¶rderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung" - a special school that caters to children with very severe learning difficulties
- The "FÃÆ'¶rderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung" - a special school that caters to children with special emotional needs
Only one of 21 German children attends such a special school. Teachers in these schools are qualified professionals who specialize in special needs education while at university. Special schools often have very favorable student-teacher ratios and facilities compared to other schools. Special schools have been criticized. It is said that special education separates and discriminates against those who are disabled or different. Some children with special needs do not attend special schools, but are mainstreamed into the Hauptschule or Gesamtschule (comprehensive school) and/or, in rare cases, into Realschule or even Gymnasium.
Elite school
There are very few specialist schools for gifted children. Because German schools do not have children on IQ tests, most intellectually gifted children remain unaware that they fall into this category. German psychologist Detlef H. Rost, conducted a long-term pioneering study on gifted children called Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt. In 1987/1988 he tested 7,000 third graders on tests based on the German version of the Cattell Culture Fair III test. Those who score at least two standard deviations above average are categorized as gifted. A total of 151 gifted subjects participated in a joint study of 136 controls. All participants in the study were tested blind to the outcome that they did not discover whether they were gifted or not. The study reveals that gifted children are very successful at school. The majority then attend the Gymnasium and achieve good grades. However, 15 percent, classified as underachievers because they attend Realschule (two cases) or Hauptschule (one case), have repeated classes (four cases) or have value that places them at the bottom of their class (the rest). case). The report also concluded that most talented people have high self-esteem and good psychological health. Rost says that he does not support special schools for the gifted. Gifted children seem to be well served by the existing German school system.
International school
As of January 2015, International Schools Consultancy (ISC) noted Germany has 164 international schools. The ISC defines 'international schools' in the following terms. "ISCs include international schools if schools provide a curriculum for any combination of preschool, primary or secondary students, in whole or in English in English, or in schools in which English is one of the official languages, offers an English-language curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in orientation. "This definition is used by publications including The Economist. In 1971, the first International International Baccalaureum School was passed in Germany. Currently 70 schools offer one or more IB programs including two that offer a new IB Career Program.
International comparison
The International Student Assessment Program (PISA), co-ordinated by the OECD, assesses the skills of 15-year-olds in OECD countries and a number of partner countries. Assessment in 2000 showed serious weakness in the performance of German students. In the 41-country exam, Germany ranked 21st in Reading and 20th in both mathematics and natural sciences, prompting a call for reform. The major newspapers contain a special section on the PISA results, which are also widely discussed on radio and television. In response, the German states formulated a number of specific initiatives addressing the perceived problems behind Germany's poor performance.
In 2006, German schoolchildren have upgraded their positions compared to previous years, becoming ranked (statistically) significantly above average (rank 13) in science skills and not statistically significant above or below average in math skills (rank 20) ​​and reading skill (rank 18). In 2012, Germany achieved above-average results in all three areas of reading, mathematics, and the natural sciences.
The PISA exam also found a big difference in achievement between students attending different types of German schools. According to Jan-Martin-Wiadra: "Conservatives appreciate the success of the Gymnasium, for them the best form of school in the world - indeed, so far the number one in the league table of PISA, but what they would rather forget is that this success comes at the expense of doom in Hauptschulen. "The socio-economic gradient is very high in Germany, the performance of the students there is more dependent on socioeconomic factors than in most other countries.
Some representatives of German teachers and some scientists have denied PISA findings. They claim, among other things, that the questions have been poorly translated, that samples taken in some countries are not representative, that German students (most of whom have never had multiple-choice tests in their previous lives) were harmed by multiple-choice questions, that the PISA question lacks curricular validity and that PISA is "actually an IQ test," which they say shows that dysgenic fertility is ongoing in Germany. In addition, the OECD was criticized for following a very economical utilitarian economic policy agenda - as opposed to a humanist education policy that followed the German idealism of Bildung - and to try to build an educational testing industry. without democratic legitimacy.
Internships
Germany has a high standard in craftsman education. Historically very few people attend college. In the 1950s for example, 80 percent had only Volksschule ("primary school") - Education 6 or 7 years. Only 5 percent of youth attend college today and fewer still pass. In the 1960s, 6 percent of youth entered college. In 1961 there were still 8,000 cities where no child received secondary education. However, this does not mean that Germany is an uneducated country. In fact, many of those who do not receive secondary education are highly skilled craftsmen and members of the upper middle class. Although more people attend the lecture today, a craftsman is still highly regarded in German society.
Historically (before the 20th century) the relationship between the master craftsman and his disciple was paternalistic. Internships are often very young when entrusted to an expert craftsman by their parents. It is seen as the responsibility of the lord not only to teach the craft, but also to instill the goodness of a good craftsman. He should teach honor, loyalty, fair thinking, courtesy and compassion for the poor. He should also offer spiritual guidance, to ensure that his disciples fulfill their religious duties and teach them to "honor the Lord" (Jesus Christ) with their lives. Expert craftsmen who fail to do this will lose their reputation and thus will be rejected - a very bad fate at that time. The internship program ends with what Freisprechung calls (exculpation). The teacher announces in front of the trading post that the student is virtuous and loves God. Young people now have the right to call themselves "Geselle" (day workers). He has two choices: either work for the master or become his own master. Working for other teachers has some disadvantages. One of them is that, in many cases, non-lordless travelers are not allowed to marry and find families. Since the church does not approve of sex outside of marriage, it is obligatory to become master if he does not want to live his celibacy. Thus, many called "Geselle" decided to travel to become masters. It's called "Waltz" or Journeyman year.
In those days, the craft was called "wholesome crafts" and the virtues of the artisans were highly respected. For example, according to one source, one must be welcomed from the "stone carpenters in the city, living in honor, dying in honor, striving for honor and applying honor to their actions." that, the concept of "wholesome crafts" stands contrary to the concept of "academic freedom" as BrÃÆ'¼dermann and Jost observed.
Today, the education of craftsmen has changed - especially the self-esteem and the concept of honor. Yet even today, a craftsman sometimes refers to "the craftsman of the codex of virtue" and crafts can sometimes be referred to as "wholesome crafts" and artisans who give blessings at the roof ceremony may, in many cases, remind "The virtue of my craft is part from". Also certain virtues are thought to come from certain crafts. For example, one can be called "always on time like a mason" to describe timeliness. On the other hand, "virtue" and "honor", which in the past has become the center of every craftsman's life becomes less and less important for such an education. Currently, young people who want to start an internship must first find "Ausbilder": this may be expert craftsmen, industrial masters (Industriemeister) or others with appropriate qualification evidence in the training of apprentices. "Ausbilder" must also provide evidence of no criminal record and proof of honor. Ausbilder must be at least 24 years old. Ausbilder has several tasks, such as 1) teaching crafts, 2) teaching techniques, 3) inculcating character, 4) implanting social skills. In some cases, Ausbilder should also provide boards and lodging. An agreement is reached at these points before the apprenticeship begins. The worker will also receive payment for his work. According to Berufsbildungsgesetz Ã,§§17, a first year apprentice will be paid less than someone who has been a longer apprentice. An Ausbilder who provides boards and lodgings can arrange for any payments made. In the past, many of those applying for apprentices had only primary school education. Currently, only those who have secondary school education applying for an internship because of the presence of secondary school becomes mandatory. In some trades, it becomes even difficult for those who hold Hauptschulabschluss to seek internships as more students leave school with Realschulabschluss or Abitur. The apprenticeship program takes three years. During that time, participants were trained by Ausbilder and also attended vocational schools. This is called "German model" or "dual education system" ("Duale Ausbildung").
tertiary education
German universities are internationally recognized; at the World University's Academic Ranking (ARWU) for 2008, six of the 100 best universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200. Germany ranks third in QS World University Rankings 2011.
Most German universities are public institutions, charge only about EUR60-200 per semester for each student, usually to cover fees associated with the university cafeteria and (usually compulsory) public transport tickets. Thus, academic education is open to most citizens and learning is very common in Germany. The dual education system combines both practical and theoretical education but does not lead to an academic degree. It's more popular in Germany than anywhere else in the world and is an example to other countries.
The oldest university in Germany is also among the oldest and best in the world, with the oldest University of Heidelberg (founded in 1386 and continuing to operate since then). This was followed by University of Cologne (1388), University of Leipzig (1409), University of Rostock (1419), University of Greifswald (1456), University of Freiburg (1457), LMU Munich (1472) and University TÃÆ'¼bingen (1477).
Although German universities have a strong focus on research, most are also conducted outside universities in independent institutions embedded in academic groups, such as within the Max Planck Institute, Fraunhofer, Leibniz and Helmholtz. The uniqueness of Germany in this "outsourcing" research leads to competition for funding between universities and research institutions and can negatively affect the academic rank.
The numbers for Germany are:
- 1,000,000 new students in all schools are put together for one year
- 400,000 Abitur passed
- 30,000 doctoral dissertations per year
- 1000 habilitations per year (possible ways to qualify as a professor)
Type of university
The German tertiary education system distinguishes between two types of institutions: The term UniversitÃÆ'¤t (university) is provided to institutions that have the right to award a doctorate. Higher education institutions that provide other degrees may use the more common term Hochschule .
UniversitÃÆ'¤ten
Only UniversitÃÆ'¤ten are eligible to award a doctorate and habilitability. Some universities use the term university research in the international use to emphasize their strengths in research activities in addition to teaching, especially to distinguish themselves from the Fachhochschulen . A university that includes a wide variety of different disciplines with a more specialized university may call itself as VolluniversitÃÆ'¤t . Special universities that have formal status UniversitÃÆ'¤t including Technische UniversitÃÆ'¤ten , PÃÆ'¤dagogische Hochschulen (University of Education), Kunsthochschulen (Art University) and Musikhochschulen (University of Music). The excellence initiative has provided eleven universities with a University of Excellence degree. Professors in ordinary universities are traditionally required to have doctorates and habilitation. Since 2002, the position of young teachers has been introduced to offer a more direct path to work as a professor for an outstanding doctorate.
Fachhochschulen (University of Applied Sciences)
There is another type of university in Germany: Fachhochschulen (University of Applied Sciences), which offers most of the same degree as Università © ten , but often concentrates on applied sciences suggested by the English name) and usually do not have the power to award a PhD degree, at least not in their own right. Fachhochschulen has a more practical profile with a focus on workability. In research, they are more directed toward applied research than fundamental research. In traditional universities, it is important to study the "why" of a method scientifically correct; However, this is less important at the University of Applied Sciences. Here the emphasis is placed on what systems and methods, where they came from, what their advantages and disadvantages are, how to use them in practice, when to use, and when not.
For professors at Fachhochschule, at least three years of work experience is required for temporary appointment while habilitation is not expected. It's not like their counterparts in a traditional university, where an academic career with research experience is needed.
Prior to the Bologna process, graduates of Reception
College admission qualification
Students wishing to attend Germany UniversitÃÆ'¤t must, as a rule, hold Abitur or subject-restricted qualifications for university entrance ( Fachgebundene Hochschulreife ). For Fachhochschulen , Abitur , Fachgebundene Hochschulreife certification or Fachhochschulreife certification (general or subject-restricted) is mandatory.
Without leaving this school leaving the certification, in some countries potential students may be eligible to enter university if they provide additional formal evidence that they will be able to compete with fellow students. This can take the form of a cognitive function test or over BegabtenprÃÆ'¼fung ("aptitude test", which consists of written and oral exams). In some cases, students who do not hold Abitur may enter the university even if they do not pass a capability test or a cognitive function test if they 1) have received vocational training before, and 2) have worked at least three years and EingangsprÃÆ'¼fung (entrance exam). Like, for example, in Hamburg.
Although there are many ways to achieve a university entrance qualification in Germany, the most traditional route is always to graduate from the Gymnasium with Abitur; However this becomes less common over time. In 2008, less than half the new students in some German states have graduated from a Gymnasium. Even in Bavaria (a country with a policy of strengthening the gymnasium) only 56 percent of new students graduate from the Gymnasium. The rest are given Abitur from other types of schools or do not hold the Abitur certification at all.
High school diplomas received from countries outside Germany, in most cases, are not considered equivalent to Abitur, but rather to Realschulabschluss and therefore do not qualify carriers for admission to German universities. However, it is still possible for such applicants to be admitted to German universities if they meet additional formal criteria, such as averages or points on a standard admissions test. These criteria depend on the certificate issued by the school from prospective students and agreed by the Permanent Conference of Ministers of Education and Culture. For example, US high school diploma holders with combined mathematics and 1300 verbal scores on SAT or 29 on ACT may be eligible for admission to university.
Foreign students who do not have an admission qualification can earn a degree in Studienkolleg , which is often recognized as equivalent to Abitur . This one-year course covers similar topics as Abitur and ensures sufficient language skills to take a study at a German university.
Receipt procedure
The application process depends on the degree program applied to, from the applicant and the university entrance qualification. Generally, all courses follow one of three admissions procedures.
- Free admission: Any applicant who meets a university entrance qualification will be accepted. This is usually practiced in subjects where many students stop learning, for example, math, physics or engineering. Sometimes, the number of students who fail the course can be as high as 94 percent in the program.
- Local acceptance limits: For degree programs where only a limited number of places are available ( numerus clauses , often abbreviated as NC), the criteria in which applications will be evaluated differ from university to university and from program to program. Commonly used criteria include the final grade of a university entrance qualification (which takes into account the final exam score as well as the subject value), weighted average scores that increase the relevant school subject weight, interviews, motivational letters, letters of recommendation by previous professors, essays, relevant practical experience, and subject-specific entrance exams. Such restrictions are increasingly common in German universities.
- National entry restrictions: In the subjects of medicine, dentistry, veterinary, and pharmacy, nationally numerus clauses already exist. In these subjects, applications from Germans and foreigners who are legally treated like Germans (eg, EU citizens) are handled centrally to all universities by public trust ( Stiftung fÃÆ'¼r Hochschulzulassung ). The following quotas are applied in this procedure:
- The 20 percent acceptance slot available is accepted by the final grade of a university entrance qualification
- A 20 percent slot is given to students who have the highest number of so-called waiting semesters in which they are not enrolled in the university
- 60 percent of slots are awarded by criteria at the discretion of the university. The generally accepted university criteria are: 1) final grade of university entrance qualification (most used), 2) interview, 3) essay or motivation letter, and 4) entrance examination.
- some additional slots are reserved for special cases and are not counted in the previous three quotas: For example, up to 2 percent of the slots can be called a difficulty case ( HÃÆ'¤rtefÃÆ'¤lle ), given the entrance ticket preferential. An applicant can be counted as a case of hardship only if there are exceptional circumstances that make it impossible for applicants to wait even a semester for somewhere in the university, for example, because of a growing illness.
Under German law, the university is not permitted to discriminate or to provide preferential treatment to persons on the grounds of race, ethnic group, gender, social class, religion or political opinion.
Tuition
State universities in Germany are funded by the federal state and do not charge school fees. However, all registered students must pay a semester fee ( Semesterbeitrag ). This fee consists of administrative fees for universities (in some states only), fees for Studentenwerk , which is a student affairs organization, fees for AStA universities ( Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss , student government ) and Studentenschaft (union students), in many universities the cost of public transportation, and possibly more costs decided by the parliament of university students (eg, for cooperation with local theaters giving free admission to students). It is concluded that the semester fee usually ranges between EUR150 and EUR350.
In 2005, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that federal laws that prohibit school fees were unconstitutional, arguing that education is the sole responsibility of the state. Following this verdict, seven federal states introduced tuition fees of EUR500 per semester in 2006 and 2007. Due to massive student protests and the initiatives of citizens who collected 70,000 signatures on tuition fees, the Hesse government was the first to reverse the situation before the electorate in the year 2008; other state governments soon followed. Some of the parties who spoke for school fees lost state elections. Bavaria in 2013 and Lower Saxony in 2014 is the last state to remove tuition fees.
Since 1998, all German states have introduced tuition fees for old students ( LangzeitstudiengebÃÆ'¼hren ) from EUR500 to EUR900 per semester. This fee is required for students who are studying substantially longer than the standard period of study ( Regelstudienzeit ), which is the number of semesters assigned to each degree program. Even after the abolition of public tuition fees, tuition fees for long-time students remain in six states. In addition, the university may charge tuition for a non-sequential master degree program, which does not build directly on a bachelor's degree, such as the Master of Business Administration.
With much controversy, the state of Baden-WÃÆ'¼rttemberg has reintroduced tuition at a state university starting 2017. Beginning in autumn 2017, non-EU/EEA students are expected to pay EUR1,500 per semester. Students applying for their second degree in Germany are expected to pay EUR650 per semester regardless of their home country. Despite strong criticism in Germany, this number is considered below average compared to other European countries.
There are university sponsored scholarships in Germany and a number of private institutions and public institutions that provide scholarships - usually to cover living expenses and books. There is a state funded study loan program, called BAfÃÆ'¶G ( BundesausbildungsfÃÆ'¶rderungsgesetz , "Federal Educational Assistance Act"). This ensures that underprivileged students can receive up to EUR735 per month for the standard period of study if they or their parents can not afford all the costs involved with learning. Furthermore, students must have prospects remaining in Germany in order to qualify; this includes German citizens and the EU, but often also long-term residents of other countries. The (usually half) portion of this money is a non-interest bearing loan which is subsequently repaid, with the other half regarded as a free grant, and the amount payable is limited to EUR10,000. Currently, about one quarter of all students in Germany receive financial support through BAfÃÆ'¶G .
For international students there are different approaches to getting full scholarships or funding their studies. To be able to get a scholarship, a successful application is mandatory. This can be delivered upon arrival in Germany as well as upon arrival. But due to the fact that many scholarships are available only to students already studying, the possibility of admission is limited to applicants from abroad. Therefore, many foreign students must work in order
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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