Compound verb

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In linguistics, complex verbs or complex predicates are multi-word compounds that act as singular verbs. One component of the compound is a light verb or vector , which carries any inflection, shows tension, mood, or aspect, but provides only subtle nuances of meanings. The other, "primary", component is a verb or noun that carries most of the semantics of the compound, and defines its argument. Usually in base or [in Verb Verb compound] conjunctive link .

A compound verb is also called a "complex predicate" because semantics, as formally modeled by a predicate, are determined by the main verb, even though both verbs appear in surface form. Whether the Noun Verb compound (N V) is considered a "compound verb" is a matter of naming convention. Generally, the term predicate complex typically includes an NV compound, whereas the term combined verb is usually reserved for compound V V. However, some [especially Iranian] authors refer to the NV compound as a word compound work.

The compound of a verb must be distinguished from a serial verb which usually signifies a sequence of actions, and where the verb is relatively similar in semantic and grammatical weight. They should also be distinguished from the main verb sequence plus aids.

Video Compound verb

Structure

Thus, there are two predicate complex classes:

1. Compound VV : One type of compound verb, in which the second verb (rarely the first...) is a "light verb" (LV) preceded by (rarely followed by...) the main or "heavy" verb. With some exceptions all V V compound verbs alternate with their simple counterparts. That is, removing verbs/vectors of light does not affect grammaticality at all or its meaning is overwhelming: ???? ??? - ????? ???? "gay nik?" {exit WENT} versus ????? - ????? nikal? {out}, both mean '(me/you/him) go out.' In some languages, the two components of a compound verb can be finite: Kurukh the ker-ar file is on. "Dead-3pl go-3pl" '(They) die.'
2. Compound N V : Compound with noun noun, converting a noun into a verbal structure; arguments and semantics are determined by N and the tension/inflection marker is carried by V, especially with LV like "do," "grab," "give," etc. Examples in English include examples of stretched verbs such as walking or suicide . Some of the verbs that participate in the NV compound also participate as LVs in compound V. [However, the common noun "do" rarely participates as LV in compound V V.] Unlike the VV compound, the NV compound appears in almost all languages ​​in world.

Maps Compound verb

Languages ​​with compound verbs

Compound verbs of both types (V V and N V) are very common in all Indian languages, although V V compounds are more common in the northern Indo-Aryan than the Dravidian languages. In addition to South Asian languages, VV compounds occur in Altaic languages ​​such as Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Uyghur, in Tibeto-Burman languages ​​such as Limbu and Newari, in Korean and Japanese, in the northeastern Caucasian languages ​​such as Tsez and Avar, and in Quichua, Quechua. The Greek Indo-European language also has some verb-verb compound. Compound V V does not occur in Iranian language. The so-called "compound verb" by Iranians is the compound N V.

English

English Lexicon contains several true compound verbs, such as stirfry , kickstart and forcefeed . These are not serial verbs, like many compounds, they can be spelled as two words. Instead the first verb expresses the way in which the action expressed by the second verb is performed. The second verb is the only one that might express tense. English also reveals subtle differences such as the beginning, duration, completion, or repetition, an act of using helpers or other lexical mechanisms. Examples here include has started , has been live , has been seen , etc. This sequence serves to replace predicates that are morphologically complex like inchoative or inceptive Latin trunks: ("amo" - I like, "amasco" - I start to love, I fall in love; "florere" - for flower, "florescere" - to start flowering , etc.) or from Russia: (???????? 'laugh' versus ?????????? 'to start laughing').

Although V V compound verbs are rarely in English, one can illustrate forms by example "going crashing [through the door]". In some interpretations, one may consider "going" as a mild verb, which carries such a tense marker. However, the main part of meaning, as well as the argument "go crashing", ie answers to questions like who? (agent), or what is "crashing" (object) is determined by the second verb, the main semantic, "crash". Note that "go" can also change meaning or semantics, focusing on the "collision" direction. Also note that "go" carries placemark/tense markers ( they go | he goes crashing ), while "crash" appears in this fixed form, and does not change with tense, numbers, gender, etc.

Is a gerundif form like "jam" is a controversial compound verb in English; many linguists prefer to treat "crash" as nominal in the form of gerundive. However, the treatment of compound verbs may have some advantages, especially when it comes to semantic analysis. For example, in X having interruptions , the question where X goes is less revealing from where x "goes crashing".

English has many examples of predicate N V: see expanded verbs.

Sometimes examples from English quoted as serial verbs turn into compound verbs, for example: What do you do and do that? ; or your business may just get up and go .

The dictionary comparison reveals that compound verbs are more common in American English than in English English.

Hindi-Urdu

Compound verbs are very common in Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani and Panjabi, where as many as 20% of verb forms in the running text can be compounds.

For example, in Hindi-Urdu, gay nikes? (???? ???, ???????? , lit. "exit go") means 'exit', while nikal pa ?? (???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? In these examples nikal (????, ?? , "lit." exit ") is the main verb, and gay? (???,? ???, lit." go ") and pa ?? gay nikes? and nikal pa are replaced with non-companion partners [ nikl?, ????? , ????? ] with little or no change of meaning.However, the turning phenomenon is not found in all languages ​​that have compound verbs.

The predicate of the Noun Verb complex is quite different. There is no substitution with the simplex and in about half of all the verbs of the Hind-Urdui compound N V karn? (????, ?????, lit. "to do") is a light verb, and in other 20% usage h? n? (????, ????, lit. "to") is a light verb. Large numbers using kh? N? (????, ?????, lit. "to eat"). However, the verb karn? and kh? N ? never happens as a second element in the Verb Verb compound.

Japanese

Japan has many compound verbs, which reflect modern agglutinative and ancient Japan.

In English start reading and Japanese ????? yomihajimeru "read- CONJUNCTIVE -start" "start reading," verb phasal start and ??? hajimeru "start" changes according to tense, negation, and the like while the main verb read and ?? yomi "read" usually remains the same. The exception to this is the passive voice, in which English and Japanese modify the main verbs: start to read and ?????? yomarehajimeru is on. "read- PASSIVE- (CONJUNCTIVE) -start" start reading . Of course, "hajimeru" still changes according to tense, mood, negation, and the like.

Some Japanese compounds have experienced grammatization, as reflected in orthography. Many Japanese serial verbs are formed by connecting two verbs, such as in "go and ask" ( ????? , and in Japanese orthography lexical items are generally written with kanji (here ?? and ??), while grammatical items are more likely written with hiragana [as in compound verbs "faded away" ( ?????? , kiete itta . The serial verbs are thus generally written with kanji for each constituent verb, but some second verbs in other compounds, after being grammatically, are often written using hiragana, such as "try, see" ( , -miru ) , from "view" ( ?? , miru ) , as in "try eating (it) and see" ( ?? ??? , checkbox ) and "do something regrettable" (? ?? ? , -shimau ) , from "get rid" ( ??? , shimau ) , as in "I'm wrong in love" ( ?????? , aishiteshimatta ) .

Only the original Japanese verb (verb yamato kotoba) can be used as a verb or light vector in this way. Such verbs consist of a small closed class. Borrowed words, which can be used as verbs by combining them with auxiliary verbs -suru ( ??? , to do) , does not occur as a second element in a compound verb. For example, the Sino-Japanese verb "to love" ( ??? , ai suru ) itself can be modified, as in "try" ( ????? , ai shitemiru ) , but not combined with other verbs as a second element or modification.

Japanese i -adwords, which works grammatically as a non-finite verb, can also join, serves as a compound converter, but it is less common than verbs. (See Japanese equivalent adjectives for details.)

Spanish influenced by Kichwa

Under the influence of Kichwa substrate, the speaker living in Altiplano Ecuador has innovated compound verbs in Spanish.

1. De rabia heart rompiendo la olla.
   'In anger (he/she) smashed the pot.' (Lit. from anger putting violates pots)
2. Botaremos matÃÆ'¡ndo te.
   "We'll kill you." (Lit. us] will throw kill huaÃÆ' Â ± uchi-shpa shitashun )

In accordance with the SVO word order of Spanish, the vector precedes the main temporary verb in SOV Kichwa, the vector follows the main verb.

Greek (modern)

A compound verb of modern Greek is formed as another compound in the language, creating a compound rod by starting a second verb stem into another verb by interfacing a combined -o-. Although only the second verb is inflected, the typical Greek compound verb is a coordinative compound formed by two almost equal verbs, and in semantic terms can not be nominated with a compound head with another as dependent. The action expressed by the verb is semantically the same as using both verbs individually, connected by a conjunction. Example: ????? -? ['beno]' I'm in '????? -? ['vjeno]' I'm out '= ???????????? [beno'vjeno] 'I'm in and out'; ???? -? [a'navo] 'I turn on' ???? -? ['zvino]' I turn off (lights) '= ?????????? [anavo'zvino] 'I turn it on and off'. This compound verb is a dvandva type. Semantically they are the same as phrases ?????? ??? ?????? 'I'm in and out', ????? ??? ????? 'I turned on and off'.

Hebrew Israel

Unlike the Classical Hebrew, the Hebrew Hebrews abound with the verb V N. Consider the following pairs where the first is the Hebrew verbs of the Hebrew compound and the latter is the synthetic form of Classic Hebrew:

1. ?? ???? sam tseaká "shout" (which literally means "cheering") vis-ÃÆ' -vis ??? tsaÃÆ'¡k "shout"
2. ??? ??? natÃÆ'¡n mabÃÆ'¡t "looks" (which literally means "give a view") or ???? ??? heÃÆ'f mabÃÆ'¡t "appears" (literally) flying/throwing views "; English expression glance , throwing views > glance ) vis-ÃÆ' -vis Hebrew-descendants ???? hibÃÆ't "see".

According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the V verbs of the Israeli verb are used here for the desire to express quick action, and come from the Yiddish. He compared the Israeli periphrasis with the following Yiddish expressions all of which meant "looking around":

1. ???? ? ??? gÃÆ' Â © b? a yoke, which literally means "giving a view"
2. ??? ? ??? tons of yoke , which literally means "to see"
3. everyday expression ???? ? ??? khap? a yoke, which literally means "to look around".

Zuckermann argues that the verb verb "non-nonce, ad hoc lexical calques of Yiddish." Israel's productive systems and lexical realizations are often different from Yiddish. " He gave the following example of Israel:

1. ????? hirbÃÆ'ts "hit, hit, give", give up
   1. ????? ?????? hirbÃÆ'ts mehirÃÆ'ºt "drove very fast" (?????? mehirÃÆ'ºt meaning "speed"), and
   2. ????? ????? hirbÃÆ'ts arukhÃÆ'¡ "eat great food" (????? arukhÃÆ'¡ meaning "to eat"), cf. English buffet press "eat a lot at the buffet"; press liquor/bottle "drink alcohol".

The verb of the Hebrew compound of Israel ??? ????? dafÃÆ'¡k hofaÃÆ'¡ , which literally means "hit a show", actually means "well-dressed".

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History process and grammatisation

When language changes, vectors or verbs of light can retain their original meaning or may experience different levels of bleaching , part of the grammatization process.

Thus, in the compound Hindi-Urdu nikal pa ?? (falling out), pa? - there is almost no sense of "downfall", although some of the finality of "falling" is also transferred as a perfect aspect (via ending -? ).

On the other hand, the Japanese "start" ???? ( hajimeru ) retains many of its independent meanings even within the compound. Compare this with the grammatisation of "get rid" ??? ( shimau ) , as in ??????? ai shite shimatta ("I am wrong in love"). A deeper degree of grammatization may cause phonological changes as well - usually a kind of shortening: ?????? ai shi chatta ("Cursed if I do not fall in love!") where ???? -te shima- has been replaced by ?? ? chya.

In the long run, it has been suggested that very frequent LVs can become grammatical, so they can now occur systematically with other verbal constituents, so they become additional verbs (eg the English verb "be", as in "I eat" , or "got" in "they have finished"), or, after a sound change, even a clause (a short verb, as in "I"). In particular, some verb inflections (such as the tense inflection of the future of Latin) are thought to have arisen in this way. Sanford Steever has demonstrated the same phenomenon of having a role in the emergence of the transitive paradigm in Dravidian.

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See also

• Additional verbs
• Converters modifier
• Converb
• Venture capital
• Periphrasis
• Verbs verb
• Extends verbs
• Consecutive verb
• Phrase verbs

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia