Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of a physically and naturally built environment, including jobs such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, and trains. Civil engineering has traditionally been broken down into a number of sub-disciplines. This is the second oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military techniques from military techniques. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from the city government to the national government, and in the private sector from individual homeowners to international companies.
Video Civil engineering
History of the civil engineering profession
Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginning of human existence. The earliest civil engineering practices may have started between 4000 and 2000 BC in ancient Egypt, Indus Valley Civilizations, and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) as humans began to abandon nomadic existence, creating the need for shelter construction. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of wheels and sailing.
Until modern times there is no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the terms engineer and architect especially geographical variations refer to the same work, and are often used interchangeably. The construction of the pyramids in Egypt (around 2700-2500 BC) are some of the first examples of large structural constructions. Other ancient civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km), the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c.312 BC) , The Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Emperor Ch'in Shih Huang Ti (around 220 BC) and stupas built in ancient Sri Lanka such as Jetavanaramaya and extensive irrigation work in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empires, including mainly waterways, insulation, ports, bridges, dams and roads.
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was created to include all civilian stuff as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who built the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771 Smeaton and several colleagues formed the Smeatonian Civil Engineering Society, a group of professional leaders who met informally at dinner. Although there is evidence from some technical meetings, it is nothing more than a social society.
In 1818 the Institute of Civil Engineers was established in London, and in 1820 leading engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institute received the Royal Charter in 1828, officially recognizing civil engineering as a profession. The Charter defines civil engineering as:
art directs the great sources of power in nature for human use and convenience, as means of production and traffic in countries, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, waterways, canals, river navigation and docks for internal relations and exchanges, and in the construction of ports, ports, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial forces for trading purposes, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.
History of civil engineering education
The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United States was the University of Norwich, founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first degree given to a woman was awarded by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.
In Britain in the early 19th century, the division between civil engineering and military engineering (served by the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich), coupled with the Industrial Revolution's demands, spawned a new technical education initiative: the Royal Polytechnic Institution was founded in 1838, the Private College for Engineers The civic at Putney was founded in 1839, and the first Chief Engineer in England was founded at the University of Glasgow in 1840.
Maps Civil engineering
History of civil engineering
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles to solve society's problems, and its history is closely linked to advances in understanding physics and mathematics throughout history. Since civil engineering is a broad profession, including several specialized sub-disciplines, its history is related to the knowledge of structure, material science, geography, geology, land, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.
Throughout the history of ancient and medieval architectural design and construction most done by craftsmen, such as masons and carpenters, rose to the role of master builder. Knowledge is maintained in the guild and is rarely replaced by progress. The structure, roads, and infrastructure are repeated over and over, and scale increases gradually.
One of the earliest examples of the scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering was the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including the Archimedes Principles, which support our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) calculations.
Civil engineer
Education and licensing
Civil engineers usually have an academic degree in civil engineering. Duration of study is three to five years, and a completed degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering, or a bachelor of science in engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move to specialists in one or more sub-disciplines at an advanced level. While a bachelor's degree (BEng/BSc) normally provides successful students with an industry-accredited qualification, some academic institutions offer postgraduate degrees (MEng/MSc), which enable students to specialize more in their areas of interest.
In most countries, an engineering degree is the first step toward professional certification, and a professional body certifies a degree program. Upon completion of a certified degree program, engineers must meet various requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being certified. After certification, this engineer is appointed as a professional engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa), charter engineers (in most Commonwealth countries), rental professional engineers (in Australia and New Zealand), or European engineers (in most countries in the EU). There is an international agreement between relevant professional bodies to enable engineers to practice across national borders.
The benefits of certification vary depending on location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only licensed professional engineers can prepare, sign and seal, and submit technical plans and drawings to the public authorities for approval, or sealing technical work for public and private clients." This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Insurance Law in Quebec.
No such laws apply in other countries including the UK. In Australia, state licensing engineers are limited to Queensland state. Almost all certification bodies maintain a code of ethics that all members must comply with.
Engineers must abide by contract law in their contractual relationship with other parties. In cases where an engineer's work fails, he may be subject to the law of negligence, and in extreme cases, criminal charges. An engineer's job must also comply with other rules and regulations such as building codes and environmental laws.
Sub-discipline
There are a number of sub-disciplines in a wide range of civil engineering fields. General civil engineers work closely with special surveyors and civil engineers to design assessments, drainage, sidewalks, water supply, sewage services, dams, power supplies and communications. Common civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on land conversion from one use to another. Site engineers spend time visiting the project site, meeting with stakeholders, and preparing construction plans. Civil engineers apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.
Beach Engineering
Coastal Engineering relates to coastal area management. In some jurisdictions, the terms sea defense and coastal protection means defenses against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defense is a more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as this field has expanded to a technique that allows erosion to claim land.
Engineering construction
Engineering construction involves planning and execution, transportation of materials, site development based on hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. Because construction companies tend to have higher business risks than other types of civil engineering firms, construction engineers often engage in more businesslike transactions, for example, composing and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistics operations, and monitoring supply prices. Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake engineering involves designing structures to withstand dangerous earthquake exposure. Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main purpose of earthquake engineering is to understand the interaction of structures on shaky ground; predict the consequences of earthquakes; and design, build and maintain structures to work in time of earthquakes in accordance with building regulations.
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering is a contemporary term for sanitation engineering, although traditional sanitation techniques do not include much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health engineering are other terms used.
Environmental engineering deals with chemical, biological, or thermal waste treatment, water and air purification, and remediation of contaminated sites after accidental disposal of wastes or contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, wastewater treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers manage pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. The environmental engineer also collects information about the environmental consequences of the proposed action.
Forensic engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Geotechnical engineering studied rocks and soils that support civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field of soil science, materials science, mechanics, and hydraulics is applied to the foundations of safe and economical design, retaining walls, and other structures. Environmental efforts to protect ground water and safe landfill storage have spawned a new area of ​​research called geoenvironmental engineering.
Identification of soil properties presents a challenge for geotechnical engineers. Boundary conditions are often well-defined in other branches of civil engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, material properties and soil behavior are difficult to predict due to their variability and limitations in the investigation. Furthermore, the soil shows nonlinear forces (dependent on stress), stiffness, and dilution (volume changes associated with application of shear stress), making studying soil mechanics more difficult. Geotechnical engineers often work with geologists and ground professional scientists.
Materials science and engineering
Material science is closely related to civil engineering. It studies the fundamental characteristics of materials, and deals with ceramics such as concrete and concrete asphalt mixtures, strong metals such as aluminum and steel, and thermosetting polymers including polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and carbon fibers.
Materials Engineering involves protection and prevention (paint and finish). The alloy combines two types of metal to produce another metal with the desired properties. It combines elements of applied physics and chemistry. With recent media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis.
Structural engineering
Structural engineering is related to structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, overpasses, tunnels, offshore structures such as oil fields and marine gases, aerostructure and other structures. This involves identifying the loads acting on the structure and the forces and forces that arise in the structure because of the load, and then designing the structure to successfully support and withstand the load. Expenses can be self-load of structure, other dead load, live load, moving load (wheel), wind load, earthquake load, load of temperature change, etc. The structural engineer must design the structure to be safe for its users and to successfully fulfill the functionality they are designing for (being usable ). Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines in structural engineering have emerged, including wind engineering and seismic engineering.
Design considerations will include strength, stiffness, and structural stability when subjected to static loads, such as furniture or own weight, or dynamic, such as wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle load, or temporary, such as temporary load or construction impact. Other considerations include cost, constructiveness, security, aesthetics and sustainability.
Survey
Surveys is the process by which surveyors measure certain dimensions that occur at or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurements of angular, horizontal, vertical and split deviations. With computerization, electronic distance measurement (EDM), number of stations, GPS surveys and laser scanning should be replaced by traditional instruments. The data collected by survey measurements is converted into graphical representations of the Earth's surface in map form. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and realtors to design from, build and trade, respectively. The elements of the structure must be sized and positioned in relation to each other and to the boundaries of adjacent sites and structures. Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic information systems. Surveyors also describe railway routes, tram lines, highways, roads, pipelines and roads and other infrastructure positions, such as ports, before construction.
- Conduct a soil survey
In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and most countries in nursery countries, land surveying is considered a separate and distinct profession. Land surveyors are not considered as engineers, and have professional associations and licensing requirements themselves. The services of licensed land surveyors are generally required for boundary surveys (for setting packet boundaries using legal descriptions) and distribution plans (plots or maps based on surveys of parcels of land, with borders drawn within larger packages to indicate boundary generation new and road), both commonly referred to as Cadastral surveys.
- Survey of construction
Survey construction is generally done by specialized technicians. Unlike land surveyors, the resulting plan has no legal status. Surveyor construction performs the following tasks:
- Survey the conditions existing at future work sites, including topography, existing buildings and infrastructure, and underground infrastructure whenever possible;
- "lay-out" or "tuning": places reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings;
- Verify the location of the structure during construction;
- Surveys Installed: a survey conducted at the end of a construction project to verify that the approved work has been completed with the specifications set out in the plan.
Transport engineering
Transport engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a way conducive to a vibrant community. It involves determining, designing, constructing, and maintaining transport infrastructure that includes roads, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and mass transit. These include areas such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering, some aspects of urban engineering, queuing theory, pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), and infrastructure management.
City or urban engineering
City technique is related to urban infrastructure. This involves the determination, design, construction and maintenance of roads, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewerage, street lighting, waste management and municipal waste disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand , etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure. In the case of underground utility networks, it may also include civilian parts (channels and access rooms) of the local distribution network of electrical and telecommunication services. This can also include optimization of garbage collection and bus service network. Some of these disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, but municipal engineering focuses on coordinating these networks and infrastructure services, as they are often built together, and managed by the same municipal authority. Municipal engineers can also design civil works sites for large buildings, industrial plants or campuses (ie road access, parking lots, water supply, maintenance or wastewater treatment, site drainage etc.)
Water resources engineering
Water resources engineering deals with water collection and management (as a natural resource). As a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, conservation, and resource management. This civil engineering field is concerned with the prediction and management of the quality and quantity of water in underground water sources (aquifers) and above the ground (rivers, streams and rivers). Water resources engineers analyze and model very little to a very large area of ​​the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows to, through, or out of the facility. Although the actual facility design may be left to other engineers.
Hydraulic techniques relate to the flow and delivery of liquids, especially water. This civil engineering field is closely linked to the design of pipelines, water supply networks, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, canals, culverts, embankments, storm drains), and canals. The hydraulic engineers designed this facility using the concept of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others.
Civil Engineering System
The civil engineering system is a sub-specialization in the broader field of civil engineering that focuses on integrating system thinking into the development of public infrastructure.
Civil engineering association
- The American Society of Civil Engineers
- The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
- Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyor
- Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
- Australian engineer
- Federation of European National Engineering Associations
- Federation of International Engineer Consultants
- Indian Geotechnical Society
- Institute of Civil Engineers
- Structural Engineering Institution
- Institute of Engineering (Nepal)
- The International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
- Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh
- Institute of Engineers (India)
- Irish Institute of Engineers
- Transport System Engineer
- Pakistan Engineering Council
- The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
- Transportation Research Council
See also
- Architectural techniques
- Civil engineering software
- Technical drawing
- Glossary of civil engineering terms
- Index of civil engineering articles
- List of civil engineers
- List of engineering branches
- List of Civil Engineering Landmarks
- Macro-techniques
- Engineering of the railway
- Site survey
References
Further reading
- W. F. Chen and J. Y. Richard Liew, eds. (2002). The Civil Engineering Handbook . Press CRC. ISBN: 978-0-8493-0958-8. Jonathan T. Ricketts, M. Kent Loftin, Frederick S. Merritt, eds. (2004). Standard handbook for civil engineers (5 ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN: 0071364730. Ã, CS1 maint: Using parameter editor (link)
- Muir Wood, David (2012). Civil Engineering: a very short introduction . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-957863-4.
- Blockley, David (2014). Structural Engineering: a very short introduction . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967193-9.
External links
- Civil Engineer Institute
- Civil Engineering Database
- The Institute of Civil Engineering Surveyors
- Civil engineering class, from MIT OpenCourseWare
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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