The basic symptom of schizophrenia is a subjective symptom, described as an experience from a person's perspective, which shows evidence of underlying psychopathology. The basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be at risk of developing psychosis. Although basic symptoms often disrupt the person, the problem generally does not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their underlying symptoms. The basic symptoms are more specific for identifying people who show signs of prodromal psychosis (prodrom) and are more likely to develop schizophrenia than other disorders associated with psychosis. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but not identical to psychosis. In prodrome for psychosis, the first unusual basic symptoms develop, followed by more typical basic symptoms and psychotic symptoms such as brief and limited symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis. People who were rated at high risk according to basic symptom criteria had a 48.5% chance of developing into psychosis. In 2015, the European Psychiatric Association issued guidelines recommending the use of a baseline symptom subscale, called the Cognitive Disorder Scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of the risk of psychosis in psychiatric patients seeking help; in meta-analysis, COGDIS proved to be a predictor of transition to psychosis as an Ultra High Risk (UHR) criterion up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter. The basic symptom measured by COGDIS, as measured by another subscale, the scale of cognitive-responsive basal symptoms (COPER), is a predicted transition to schizophrenia.
Video Basic symptoms of schizophrenia
Course
There are several factors that interact before the development of basic symptoms, including susceptible vulnerabilities, environmental stresses, and support systems. Recent work in the field of nerve oscillations has shown that signals of destruction and inhibition that are damaged in the brain during development play an important role in the formation of basic symptoms. This signal disturbance can cause cognitive deficits that lead to the emergence of more complicated intrusion symptoms in the future. The interaction of these factors increases the risk of developing the basic symptoms of schizophrenia. It is important to identify when a person is exposed to these factors to prevent, modify or delay the onset of underlying symptoms through early intervention. The recognition of basic symptoms in the prodromal phase may lead to early intervention in psychosis that aids in the delay or prevention of schizophrenia. Early intervention includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or use of antipsychotic drugs.
Basic symptoms often appear several years before the onset of psychosis, but are often preceded by the onset of self-disorder (see additional ingredients in). They sometimes appear and then disappear before they appear again long after, where they occur as part of the outpost syndrome . At one point, unusual basic symptoms will emerge, consisting of various mood disorders, emotions, impulses, thoughts, and concerns that can occur in many other disorders, followed by characteristic basic symptoms, consisting of impaired thoughts, perceptions, and attention. , along with small reality distortions, which are associated with schizophrenia in particular. After that, symptoms of an attenuated psychosis or brief period of psychosis will appear, before culminating in the appearance of full psychosis. At each stage before psychosis, the person will attempt to overcome the underlying symptoms, which may hide the problem from others; once the person reaches his limits of ability to compensate, however, the problem will become obvious to others and cause damage. Adverse long-term outcomes such as increased relapse, increased hospital admissions, and worse social/work functions associated with age-onset of these symptoms, indicate the importance of early intervention.
After the resolution of psychosis, the basic symptoms can follow any of the 3 courses: Psychosis and the underlying symptom can complete completely allow recovery of normal function; they can transmit but remain at the usual level, with a recurrence of psychosis; or typical underlying symptoms can still create a deficit syndrome dominated by negative symptoms.
Maps Basic symptoms of schizophrenia
Evaluation
Basic symptoms are generally evaluated using the Schizophrenia Closure Instrument (SPI), where there are child and adolescent versions (SPI-CY) and adult versions (SPI-A) (see additional material on); This instrument assesses the underlying symptoms, both unusual and psychotic characteristics. Of all the items evaluated on SPI-CY and SPI-A, 2 scales can be derived to specifically evaluate the basic symptoms of characteristics: Cognitive Impairment Scale (COGDIS) and Cognitive-Perceptual Basic Symptom Scale (COPER).
The COGDIS criteria are met when at least 2 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) come with at least weekly events in the last 3 months, and which are absent during the pre-morbid phase of the disease and do not occur from drug use. The European Psychiatric Association recommends the use of this scale, along with attenuated psychotic symptoms and brief temporary psychosis, to detect a risky mental state in the search for people's help.
The COPER criteria are met when at least 1 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) comes with at least weekly events in the last 3 months, and the first symptoms appear more than 12 months before the evaluation.
Below are the basic symptoms associated with psychosis, along with whether they appear in COGDIS, COPER, or both:
The Bonn Scale for Basic Symptom Assessment (BSABS) is another scale used to evaluate the subjective symptoms of schizophrenia. This is a semi-structured interview scheme designed to assess an anomalous self-experience specifically.
See also
- Early intervention in psychosis
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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